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Williams, J. E. and R. R. Miller (1990). Conservation status of the North American fish fauna in freshwater. Journal of Fish Biology. 37:79-85.

The status of the North American fish fauna includes 292 species of fishes in the categories of endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, and extinct. This constitutes 28% of the known fauna. The status of fishes and their habitats continues to decline, especially in the arid regions of western U.S.A. and northern Mexico. The Endangered Species Act is the most powerful tool currently available to protect rare fishes. While many fishes probably have been saved from extinction by this act, surprisingly few have improved enough to be removed from under its protection.

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