Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
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Behlke, C. E. (1987). Hydraulic relationships between swimming fish and water flowing in culverts. Pages 112-132 in D. W. Smith and T. Tilsworth, eds. Proceedings of the Cold Regions Environmental Engineering Conference, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada), University of Alberta, Department of Civil Engineering.
Proper passage of fish through culverts is an important element of design of highways, railroads and pipelines for the North. Though several investigators have attempted to define swimming capabilites of fish, it does not appear that the swimming requirements for fish to pass through culverts and other fish passage structures have been properly analyzed and defined. This paper defines and analyzes the forces which fish are confronted with in entering and passing through barrels of sloping culverts flowing full and as open channels.
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/data_library/fisheries/fish_passage/behlke.html
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November 3, 2015
