ÿWPCD4 è­ 5:¤@Np±`m?]Ä +Àk £`–1¸¿žÌ­ñ¬•/à÷Hÿâò’°ßF ±³Céð„X]2ü Ÿ1tjD"žÝ+0QbލŸü›±IªŸÁ¶8\6*¿ 1¤Y"µ±Ÿ}P—û ,ÁMêûÈ£³ psb^GµLÒÂÔ:ÞoĈè¥#WPâªe÷[…ÁâÅVÚêì@9{tFKv2í7lÅ8íƒÈÅÁ–åË9õ|ÐÃØCv%ÉýS÷¢ºr(ž9Îúj!(–INu!oÂïV  ×-àˬkz‘…ªÁ,äþÊOFræ¡Ï“çgË#zêSEïÝ ÐŸù!*ñW\ø-eÙOâ-3Jš5 —UÜYß;z¦ûX»ºhz‹pl2ä‘» ''©`‹Ü¯][Ö‚}4f/[AÑxDèÕGG«KºWîaV,ÎåÒh¦BÁÂi­Í&U€þze²[1b ¨›§Äqî‹z@½ð¡ïìk¤/ÈÊdÔá¥Â8•·!|¹°Ÿ9ÃäÍdëÔØuÑbà,’» G,¥}©ÜºŠã‹˜’,0ž™¶ÂlE¸Ž}©7ÿ©Çobœ ¡j§©Ïç}^Š& ¦X‰Šq$ºÇ?è píGU>âÒ  0nò 0ú` U8*Z 0•„ UF 0›_ 0Yú 0ãS 0…6 0:»èõ 0ÑÝw®>²Æð 0Ѷ 0ч 0(X D+€ AQ«IüU.E<s"¯"ÑUFóU,9e 0Nu 0¶Ã#ÁyU N: %ˆMŽ(’Nº4¼Ð mÒ 0ôé 0ñÝ 0îÎ 0ë¼$§ ^ Ë 0è× 0å¿! 0â¤" 0߆# 0Üe$ 0âA% 0ß#& 0Ü' 0ÙÞ' 0Ö·( 0Ó) 0Ð`* 0Í0+ 0Êý+ 0áÇ, 0Þ¨- 0Û†. 0Øa/ 0Õ90 0Ò1 0Ïà1 0̯2 0É{3ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Fish Passage through Dams in Large Temperate Floodplain Rivers: An Annotated Bibliography2notated Bibliography&Brian S. Ickes&0Brian S. 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ÐÑRfÑâ âÑ8€"u"XXdædÈ8ÑØØÖ€ ™ÒÖâ âÑ  ÑÌÓ  ÓÓE.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÔ& ã ÔÔ€X¾x X%&™yÔÔ€X&EX XX¾xÔò òPrefaceÔB  ÔÔ  ÔPrefaceŽÔ Ý ~ÔÔC  ÔÐ |Ì ÐÔ€X/GXXX&EÔó óÔ'ã| ÔÌÌÓ  ÓÔ€&€Ã%XX/GÔà 4 àÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔThe€Long€Term€Resource€Monitoring€Program€(Ô_ÔLTRMPÔ_Ô)€was€authorized€under€theÐ Jš ÐWater€Resources€Development€Act€of€1986€(Public€Law€99„662)€as€an€element€of€the€U.S.€ArmyÐ  f ÐCorps€of€Engineersðð€Environmental€Management€Program.€€The€Ô_ÔLTRMPÔ_Ô€is€implemented€by€theÐ â 2 ÐUpper€Midwest€Environmental€Sciences€Center,€a€U.S.€Geological€Survey€science€center,€inÐ ® þ Ðcooperation€with€the€five€Upper€Mississippi€River€System€(Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô)€states€of€Illinois,€Iowa,Ð z Ê ÐMinnesota,€Missouri,€and€Wisconsin.€€The€mode€of€operation€and€respective€roles€of€the€agenciesÐ F –  Ðare€outlined€in€a€1988€Memorandum€of€Agreement.Ð  b  ÐÌà 4 àThe€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€encompasses€the€commercially€navigable€reaches€of€the€Upper€Mississippi,Ð ªú  ÐIllinois,€Ô_ÔKaskaskiaÔ_Ô,€Black,€St.€Croix,€and€Minnesota€Rivers.€€Congress€has€declared€the€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€toÐ vÆ  Ðbe€both€a€nationally€significant€ecosystem€and€a€nationally€significant€commercial€navigationÐ B’  Ðsystem.€€The€mission€of€the€Ô_ÔLTRMPÔ_Ô€is€to€provide€decision€makers€with€information€forÐ ^  Ðmaintaining€the€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€as€a€sustainable€large€river€ecosystem€given€its€multiple„use€character.€Ð Ú*  ÐThe€long„term€goals€of€the€Program€are€to€improve€understanding€of€how€the€system€functions,Ð ¦ö  Ðdetermine€resource€trends,€develop€management€alternatives,€and€manage€information.Ð r ÐÌà 4 àThis€report€was€developed€with€funding€provided€by€U.S.€Army€Corps€of€EngineersÐ  Z Ðduring€fiscal€year€2000.Ð Ö& ÐÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXBÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ‡X¾x X%&™yÔSuggested€citation:Ð Æ%!) ÐÌÓ ¨ýÓÔ#†&™y% XX¾x##ÔÓ XÓÓ?( ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ÜÜ‹Xü!?ÓÔ‡X¾x X%&™yÔÔ_ÔIckesÔ_Ô,€B.€S.,€J.€H.€Ô_ÔWlosinskiÔ_Ô,€B.€C.€Knights,€and€S.€J.€Ô_ÔZiglerÔ_Ô.€2001.€Fish€passage€throughÐ †'Ö"+ Ðdams€in€large€temperate€Ô_ÔfloodplainÔ_Ô€rivers:€an€annotated€bibliography.€U.S.Ð f(¶#, ÐGeological€Survey,€Upper€Midwest€Environmental€Sciences€Center,€La€Crosse,Ð F)–$- ÐWisconsin.€Ô_ÔLTRMPÔ_Ô€web„based€report€available€online€atÐ &*v%. Ðhttp://Ô_Ôwww.umesc.usgs.govÔ_Ô/Ô_Ôltrmp_fishÔ_Ô/Ô_Ôfish_passage_biblio.htmlÔ_Ô#lit.€(AccessedÐ +V&/ ÐJune€2001.)Ô#†&™y% XX¾xé#ÔÐ æ+6'0 ÐÓ  ÓÓB.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!‹XBÓÔ€„$ô „%&™yÔÔ€„¸„ „„$ôÔÐ Æ,(1 ЇÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€„ùì „„„¸Ôò òÓ  ÓÓE.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ÿÿÿÅÝÝ  ÝÔ€X&EX „„ùìÔFish€Passage€through€Dams€in€Large€Temperate€Ô_ÔFloodplainÔ_Ô€Rivers:€An€AnnotatedÐ ° ÐBibliography݃ÿÿÅS݌Р¨ø ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ$ ÜÜÜŒXÜÜÜŒX$ÓÔ€X/GXXX&EÔó óÝ  ÝÐ  ð ÐÔ€&€Ã%XX/GÔÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔBy€Brian€S.€Ô_ÔIckesÔ_Ô,€Joseph€H.€Ô_ÔWlosinskiÔ_Ô,€Brent€C.€Knights,€and€Steven€J.€Ô_ÔZiglerÔ_ÔÐ ‹Û ÐÔ€&€Ã%%&™yÔÐ W§ ÐÐ # s ÐÔ€X/GX%&€ÃÔÔ€X&EXXX/GÔAbstractÐ ú J ÐÔ€&°Þ%XX&EÔÔ€&€Ã%%&°ÞÔÐ ò B ÐÓ  Óà 4 àÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔThis€report€contains€474€annotated€citations€that€are€relevant€to€fish€passage€throughÐ É  Ðdams€in€large€temperate€Ô_ÔfloodplainÔ_Ô€rivers.€€Our€goal€was€to€survey€the€literature€to€helpÐ • å  Ðdefine€the€potential€ecological€consequences€of€restricted€fish€passage€through€dams€inÐ a ±  Ðthe€Upper€Mississippi€River€System€and€to€identify€alternative€engineering€solutions€forÐ -}  Ðincreasing€fish€passage€in€large€temperate€Ô_ÔfloodplainÔ_Ô€rivers.€€Consequently,€topicÐ ùI  Ðcoverage€is€broad,€including€theoretical€concepts€in€large€river€ecology,€engineeringÐ Å  Ðdesign€of€fish€passage€structures,€ecological€responses€to€river€impoundment,€fishÐ ‘á  Ðswimming€performance,€and€relations€between€freshwater€mussels€and€fish.€€This€reportÐ ]­  Ðis€served€in€searchable€electronic€format€from€the€U.€S.€Geological€Surveyððs,€UpperÐ )y  ÐMidwest€Environmental€Sciences€Center€web€site€(Ô  ÔÔ  ÔòòÔÿÔÔ4‚Ý ßÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÿÔòŽòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝóŽóòŽòÔÿÿÔÝ  Ýhttp://www.umesc.er.usgs.gov/Ý‚ ÿÿÿ“ƒ ÝóŽóÔÿÿÔÝ  ÝÔ6GÔÝ‚ÍO[ƒ ÝóóÔÿÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý È‰ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔÿÔ).Ð õE ÐÐ Á ÐÐ Ý ÐÔ€X¾x X%&™yÔÔ€X&EX XX¾xÔÐ Y© ÐÑ€ÑÒ(ä Xä 4ü!4ü!(ÒÓ  ÓÔ& Ä ÔIntroductionÔB  ÔÔ  ÔIntroductionŽÔ Ý ‘ÔÔC  ÔÐ %u ÐÓ  ÓÔ€&°Þ%XX&EÔÔ€&™y%%&°ÞÔÔ'Ä\oÔÐ m ÐÓ  Óà 4 à€Ìà 4 àTwenty€seven€dams€on€the€UpperÐ µ ÐMississippi€River€System€(Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô)Ð Ñ Ðallow€for€the€management€of€waterÐ M Ðlevels€during€low€flows.€€Most€ofÐ i Ðthese€dams€were€authorized€byÐ å5 ÐCongress€in€1930€to€maintain€a€9„Ð ± Ðfoot€navigation€channel€(Rivers€andÐ }Í ÐHarbor€Act,€July€3,€1930,€H.R.Ð I™ Ð11781).€€Fish€passage€through€theseÐ e  Ðdams€has€been€a€long„standingÐ á1! Ðconcern€on€the€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔCokerÔ_Ô€1929;Ð ­ ý" ÐÔ_ÔFremlingÔ_Ô€et€al.€1989).€€A€reportÐ y!É# Ðfrom€the€Chief€of€Engineers€(WarÐ E"•$ ÐDepartment€1932)€that€served€as€theÐ #a% Ðbasis€for€authorization€of€the€UpperÐ Ý#-& ÐMississippi€River€9„foot€channelÐ ©$ù' Ðnavigation€project€states€theÐ u%Å ( Ðfollowing:Ð A&‘!) ÐÐ  ']"* Ðà 4 àð ðThe€strong€currents€through€theÐ Ù')#+ Ðgates,€locks,€and€other€openings€willÐ ¥(õ#, Ðattract€fish€to€these€openingsÐ q)Á$- Ðthrough€which,€the€Board€feels,€theyÐ =*%. Ðwill€be€able€to€pass€more€readilyÐ  +Y&/ Ðthan€through€any€Ô_ÔfishwayÔ_Ô.€Ð Õ+%'0 ÐÔ_ÔFishwaysÔ_Ô€through€the€dams€will,Ð ¡,ñ'1 Ðhowever,€be€installed€if€shown€to€beÐ m-½(2 Ðnecessary.ððÐ %u2 ÐÐ ñA3 ÐÐ ½ 4 Ðà p àSeveral€studies€have€documentedÐ ‰Ù5 Ðthat€some€fish€species€can€passÐ U¥6 Ðthrough€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€dams€(e.g.,€BahrÐ !q7 Ð1977;€Ô_ÔHolzerÔ_Ô€and€Von€Ô_ÔRudenÔ_Ô€1982;Ð í=8 ÐHurley€1983;€Holland€et€al.€1984).€Ð ¹ 9 ÐHowever,€it€has€recently€becomeÐ …Õ: Ðevident€that€passage€opportunitiesÐ Q¡; Ðvary€in€space€and€time€because€ofÐ m< ÐÔ_ÔhydrologicÔ_Ô€conditions€at€the€dams,Ð é9= Ðdifferences€in€dam€design€andÐ µ> Ðoperation,€and€differences€in€theÐ  Ñ? Ðswimming€performance€of€fishÐ M!@ Ðspecies.€€Substantial€questionsÐ "iA Ðremain€about€whether€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€dams,Ð å"5B Ðas€they€are€operated€presently,Ð ±#C Ðimpart€a€significant€influence€onÐ }$ÍD Ðfish€movement,€and€if€restricted€fishÐ I%™ E Ðpassage€has€significant€ecologicalÐ &e!F Ðconsequences.€€This€report€compilesÐ á&1"G Ðliterature€sources€for€assessingÐ ­'ý"H Ðecological€consequences€associatedÐ y(É#I Ðwith€restricted€fish€passage€in€theÐ E)•$J ÐÔ_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€and€for€evaluating€fishÐ *a%K Ðpassage€alternatives.Ð Ý*-&L ÐÐ ©+ù&M Ðà p àThis€report€is€not€a€completeÐ u,Å'N Ðbibliography€on€fish€passage.€€WeÐ A-‘(O ÐÑÑâ âѰ°ÑÑXXÑâ âÑ  Ñexcluded€most€of€the€prodigiousÐ ° Ðliterature€pertaining€to€PacificÐ |Ì Ðsalmon€(Ô_ÔOnchorhynchusÔ_Ô€spp.),Ð H˜ ÐAtlantic€salmon€(Salmo€salar),€andÐ d Ðshad€(Alosa€spp.).€€We€reasoned€thatÐ à0 Ðproblems€and€solutions€for€thoseÐ ¬ü Ðspecies€were€distinctly€differentÐ x È Ðfrom€those€of€interest€in€largeÐ D ” ÐÔ_ÔfloodplainÔ_Ô€rivers€in€general€and€theÐ  ` ÐÔ_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€in€particular€(e.g.,€differentÐ Ü ,  Ðlife€historyÐ ¨ ø  Ðcharacteristicsð"ðÔ_ÔanadromyÔ_Ô€versusÐ t Ä  ÐÔ_ÔpotadromyÔ_Ôð"ðand€different€damÐ @  Ðcharacteristicsð"ðhigh„headÐ  \  Ðhydroelectric€versus€low„headÐ Ø(  Ðnavigation€dams).€€Rather,€we€took€aÐ ¤ô  Ðbroad€view€of€fish€passage€concernsÐ pÀ  Ðin€the€Ô_ÔUMRSÔ_Ô€and€included€citationsÐ <Œ  Ðon€theoretical€concepts€for€largeÐ X Ðrivers;€species„specific€behavior€andÐ Ô$ Ðswimming€performance;Ð  ð Ðengineering,€design,€andÐ l¼ Ðperformance€of€various€fish€passageÐ 8ˆ Ðdevices;€and€case€history€studiesÐ T Ðfrom€around€the€world.€Ð Ð  ÐAdditionally,€we€included€citationsÐ œì Ðrelated€to€freshwater€musselsÐ h¸ Ðbecause€mussel€distribution€andÐ 4„ Ðdispersal€are€directly€related€toÐ P Ðmovement€of€fish€that€act€as€hostsÐ Ì Ðfor€the€juvenile€parasitic€stage€ofÐ ˜è Ðmost€freshwater€mussels.Ð d´ Ðà 4 àÌà 4 àWe€searched€Aquatic€Sciences€andÐ üL! ÐFisheries€Abstracts€(1978ð!ðpresent),Ð È" ÐConference€Papers€IndexÐ ” ä# Ð(1982ð!ðpresent),€Water€ResourcesÐ `!°$ ÐAbstracts€(1967ð!ðpresent),€and€FishÐ ,"|% Ðand€Fisheries€WorldwideÐ ø"H& Ð(1971ð!ðpresent)€as€well€as€variousÐ Ä#' Ðother€sources€housed€at€the€U.€S.Ð $à( ÐGeological€Survey€(Ô_ÔUSGSÔ_Ô),€UpperÐ \%¬ ) ÐMidwest€Environmental€SciencesÐ (&x!* ÐCenter,€La€Crosse,€Wisconsin.€€Dr.Ð ô&D"+ ÐÔ_ÔMufeedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOdehÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔUSGSÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔLeetownÔ_ÔÐ À'#, ÐScience€Center,€S.€O.€ConteÐ Œ(Ü#- ÐAnadromous€Fish€Research€Center,Ð X)¨$. ÐTurner€Falls,€Massachusetts)Ð $*t%/ Ðgraciously€provided€access€to€aÐ ð*@&0 Ðbibliographic€database€onÐ ¼+ '1 Ðanadromous€fish€passage€developedÐ ˆ,Ø'2 Ðat€the€S.O.€Conte€Anadromous€FishÐ T-¤(3 ÐResearch€Center.€€Ð °3 Ðà p àÌà p àMost€abstracts€included€in€thisÐ H˜5 Ðreport€are€the€original€authorððsÐ d6 Ðabstracts.€€If€an€abstract€was€notÐ à07 Ðprovided,€we€wrote€one.€€AnÐ ¬ü8 Ðunderlined€citation€number€indicatesÐ x È9 Ðthe€abstracts€we€wrote.€€€€Ð D ”: Ðà p àÌà p àNo€attempt€was€made€to€standardizeÐ Ü ,< Ðunits€of€measure€across€citations.€€InÐ ¨ ø= Ðall€abstracts,€units€of€measure€areÐ t Ä> Ðfrom€the€original€paper.€€Titles€inÐ @ ? Ðbrackets€indicate€that€the€referenceÐ  \ @ Ðwas€previously€translated€by€otherÐ Ø( A Ðsources.à È àÐ ¤ô B ÐÐ pÀ C Ðà p àThis€report€is€served€in€searchableÐ <Œ D Ðformat€on€the€World€Wide€Web,Ð XE Ðthrough€the€Ô_ÔUSGSÔ_Ô,€Upper€MidwestÐ Ô$F ÐEnvironmental€Sciences€CenterððsÐ  ðG Ðweb€siteÐ l¼H Ð(Ô  ÔÔ  ÔòòÔÿÔhttp://www.umesc.er.usgs.gov/óóÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔÿÔ).€€Ð 8ˆI ÐÔ€&€Ã%%&™yÔÐ TJ ÐÔ€X/GX%&€ÃÔÔ€X&EXXX/GÔAcknowledgmentsÐ Û+K ÐÔ€X/GXXX&EÔÐ Ó#L ÐÔ€&€Ã%XX/GÔà p àÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔWe€thank€Daniel€B.€Wilcox€(U.S.Ð ¾M ÐArmy€Corps€of€Engineers,€St.€PaulÐ ŠÚN ÐDistrict)€and€Mark€A.€Cornish€(U.S.Ð V¦O ÐArmy€Corps€of€Engineers,€RockÐ "rP ÐIsland€District)€for€their€assistanceÐ î>Q Ðin€planning€this€work.€€We€alsoÐ º R Ðthank€Mike€A.€Ô_ÔCaucuttÔ_Ô€and€Dave€A.Ð †ÖS ÐÔ_ÔBergstedtÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔUSGSÔ_Ô,€Upper€MidwestÐ R¢T ÐEnvironmental€Sciences€Center,€LaÐ  nU ÐCrosse,€Wisconsin)€for€theirÐ ê :V Ðassistance€in€serving€this€databaseÐ ¶!W Ðon€the€World€Wide€Web.€€ThisÐ ‚"ÒX Ðreport€was€developed€with€fundingÐ N#žY Ðprovided€by€the€U.€S.€Army€CorpsÐ $jZ Ðof€Engineers€during€Fiscal€YearÐ æ$6 [ Ð2000.Ð ²%!\ ÐÔ€„$ô „%&™yÔÔ€„¸„ „„$ôÔÐ ~&Î!] ÐÔ€X/GX„„¸ÔÔ€X&EXXX/GÔLiterature€CitedÐ J'š"^ ÐÔ€X/GXXX&EÔÐ B(’#_ ÐÓ Ôþ¨ýÓÓ ,XÓÓH1Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXHÓÔ€&€Ã%XX/GÔÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔBahr,€D.€M.€€1977.€€Homing,€swimmingÐ -)}$` Ðbehavior,€range,€activity€patterns,€andÐ ù)I%a Ðreaction€to€increasing€water€levels€ofÐ Å*&b ÐÔ_ÔwalleyesÔ_Ô€(òòStizostedion€vitreum€Ô_ÔvitreumÔ_Ôóó)Ð ‘+á&c Ðas€determined€by€radio„telemetry€inÐ ],­'d ÐNavigation€Pools€7€and€8€of€the€UpperÐ )-y(e ÐÑ.K Ñâ .âÙÙØØâ .âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔMississippi€River€during€spring€1976.€Ð ° ÐM.S.€Thesis.€€University€of€Wisconsin,Ð |Ì ÐLa€Crosse.Ð H˜ ÐÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓK.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!Ü4‹XKÓÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ ÔþÓÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÓ ,ÓÓ  ÓÓH1Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXHÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿtGÝÝ  ÝCoker,€R.€€1929.€€Studies€of€common€fishesÐ à0 Ðof€the€Mississippi€River€at€Keokuk.€Ð ¬ü ÐU.S.€Department€of€Commerce€BureauÐ x È Ðof€Fisheries.€€Fisheries€Document€No.Ð D ” Ð1072.€€Bulletin€of€the€Bureau€ofÐ  ` ÐFisheries€XLV.݃ ÿÿtG=HÝŒÐ Ü ,  ÐŒÓ ,ÓÓ  ÓÓ* ÜÜÜŒXÜ4‹X*ÓÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÌÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓFremling,€C.€R.,€J.€L.€Rasmussen,€R.€E.Ð t Ä  ÐSparks,€S.€P.€Cobb,€C.€P.€Bryan,€and€T.Ð @  ÐO.€Claflin.€€1989.€€Mississippi€RiverÐ  \  Ðfisheries:€A€case€history.€€Pages€309„351Ð Ø(  Ðòòinóó€D.€P.€Dodge,€editor,€Proceedings€ofÐ ¤ô  Ðthe€International€Large€RiverÐ pÀ  ÐSymposium€(LARS).€€Canadian€SpecialÐ <Œ  ÐPublication€of€Fisheries€and€AquaticÐ X ÐSciences€106.Ð Ô$ ÐÐ  ð ÐHolland,€L.,€D.€Huff,€S.€Littlejohn,€and€R.Ð l¼ ÐJacobson.€(1984).€€Analysis€of€existingÐ 8ˆ Ðinformation€on€adult€fish€movementsÐ T Ðthrough€dams€on€the€Upper€MississippiÐ Ð  ÐRiver.€Report€to€the€St.€Paul€District,€U.Ð ° ÐS.€Army€Corps€of€Engineers.€€U.S.€FishÐ |Ì Ðand€Wildlife€Service,€National€FisheriesÐ H˜ ÐResearch€Laboratory,€La€Crosse,Ð d ÐWisconsin.€€193€pp.Ð à0 ÐÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXEÓÌÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓH1Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXHÓHolzer,€J.€A.,€and€K.€Von€Ruden.€€1982.€Ð x È ÐWalleye€spawning€movements€in€Pool€8Ð D ” Ðof€the€Mississippi€River.€€Pages€1„40€òòinóóÐ  `  ÐWisconsin€Department€of€NaturalÐ Ü ,! ÐResources.€Mississippi€River€Work€UnitÐ ¨ ø" ÐAnnual€Report€1981„1982.€Madison,Ð t Ä# ÐWisconsin.€€Ð @ $ ÐHurley,€S.€T.€€1983.€€Habitat€associationsÐ  \ % Ðand€movements€of€shovelnose€sturgeonÐ Ø( & Ðin€Pool€13€of€the€Upper€MississippiÐ ¤ô ' ÐRiver.€€M.S.€Thesis.€€University€ofÐ pÀ ( ÐIowað!ðAmes.€€82€pp.Ð <Œ ) ÐÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓK.ÜÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!Ü4‹XKÓÌÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓH1Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜÜŒXHÓWar€Department.€€1932.€€Survey€ofÐ Ô$+ ÐMississippi€River€between€MissouriÐ  ð, ÐRiver€and€Minneapolis.€Part€1:€Report.€Ð l¼- ÐHouse€Document€137.€€72òòndóó€Congress,Ð 8ˆ. Ð1òòstóó€Session.€€U.S.€Government€PrintingÐ T/ ÐOffice,€Washington,€D.C.€€120€pp.Ñ€ÑÐ Ð 0 ÐÒ(ä Xä ÀÀ(ÒÐ œì0 ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÔ€&™y%%&™yÔÝ  ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓ  ÓÝ‚ÿÿÿJTÝÝ  ÝÔ€&€Ã%%&™yÔ݃ÿÿJTËT݌̌Ô€&€Ã%%&€ÃÔÔ€&™y%%&€ÃÔÝ  ÝÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ _-¯(J ÐÑÑâ âѰ°ÑÑXXÑâ âÑ  ÑÌÌÌÐ  d ÐØØÙÙÌà  àÌÓ  ÓÔ€X¾x X%&™yÔÔ€X&EX XX¾xÔList€of€Annotated€CitationsÐ H˜ ÐÔ€&°Þ%XX&EÔÔ€&°Þ%%&°ÞÔÌÓ  ÓÔ€&™y%%&°ÞÔÌÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓH+4 44Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!Ü4‹XHÓÓÈÓ1.à 4 àAdam,€B.€and€U.€Schwevers€(1998).€€Positioning€fish€migration€facilities€„€behaviouralÐ ï? Ðinvestigations€on€fish€in€a€hydraulic€flume.€Wasser€und€Boden.€€ò ò50ó ó:55„58.Ð ·  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓWe€investigated€typical€behavioural€patterns€of€rhithral€fish€in€a€hydraulic€flumeÐ G — Ð(18€m€x€1,5€m€x€1€m€deep),€in€order€to€determine€how€fish€migration€facilities€should€bestÐ  _  Ðbe€installed.€By€comparing€different€discharges€and€various€entrance€locations€of€aÐ × '  Ðsimulated€fishway,€we€found€that€the€most€effective€position€for€the€entrance€is€parallel€toÐ Ÿ ï  Ðthe€tailwater€flow€and€directly€at€the€obstacle.€In€contrast,€entrances€at€right„angles€to€theÐ g·  Ðflow€can€hardly€be€found€by€the€fish.€On€their€way€upstream,€they€pass€the€zone€ofÐ /  Ðturbulence€and€assemble€immediately€in€front€of€the€migration€barrier.Ð ÷G  ÐÐ ¿  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ‡×  Ð2.à 4 àAdams,€S.€R.,€G.€R.€Parsons,€J.€J.€Hoover€and€K.€J.€Killgore€(1997).€€Observations€ofÐ OŸ  Ðswimming€ability€in€shovelnose€sturgeon€òòScaphirhynchus€platorynchusóó.€Journal€ofÐ g ÐFreshwater€Ecology.€€ò ò12ó ó:631„633.Ð ß/ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓSwimming€performance€and€behaviour€of€five€adult€(57€„€69€cm€fork€length)Ð o¿ Ðshovelnose€sturgeon,€òòScaphirhynchus€platorynchusóó,€were€studied€in€a€945„L€swim€tunnelÐ 7‡ Ðat€16ÔÎÿÍÿOÔoÔ2ÿOÍÔ€C.€Fifteen„minute€critical€swimming€speeds€ranged€from€65€to€116€cm€sÔÎÿÍÿOÔ„1Ô2ÿOÍÔ.Ð ÿO ÐSturgeon€swam€volitionally€at€low€speeds€(5„30€cm€sÔÎÿ•åÇÔ„1Ô2Ç•åÔ),€but€at€higher€speeds€(40€„€120Ð Ç Ðcm€sÔÎÿ]­ßÔ„1Ô2ß]­Ô)€sturgeon€alternated€between€active€swimming€and€appressing€themselves€to€theÐ ß Ðbottom€of€the€tunnel.€This€second€behaviour€is€enhanced€by€sturgeon€morphology€„Ð W§ Ðstreamlined€body€shape,€flat€rostrum,€and€large€pectoral€fins.€It€allows€shovelnoseÐ o Ðsturgeon€to€exploit€river€bottoms€as€a€refugia€from€current€and€maintain€position€in€highÐ ç7 Ðvelocities.Ð ¯ÿ ÐÐ wÇ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ? Ð3.à 4 àAhmed,€F.€and€N.€Rajaratnam€(1997).€€Three„dimensional€turbulent€boundary€layers:€AÐ W  Ðreview.€Journal€of€Hydraulic€Research.€€ò ò35ó ó:81„98.Ð Ï! Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€nature€of€three„dimensional€turbulent€boundary€layers€(3DTBL)€areÐ _ ¯# Ðdiscussed€with€the€intention€of€applying€them€to€the€problems€encountered€in€hydraulicÐ '!w$ Ðengineering.€After€introducing€the€basic€concepts€of€3DTBL,€various€cross„flow€andÐ ï!?% Ðnear„wall€similarity€models€are€described.€A€comparison€between€the€flow€situationsÐ ·"& Ðcommonly€encountered€in€hydraulic€engineering€and€in€some€other€branches€of€fluidÐ #Ï' Ðmechanics€(which€initially€prompted€the€development€of€3DTBL€theories)€is€made€toÐ G$—( Ðexplore€the€possibilities€of€utilizing€the€3DTBL€theories€in€hydraulic€engineering.€ThereÐ %_ ) Ðappears€to€be€numerous€opportunities€to€fruitfully€apply€3DTBL€theories€in€hydraulicÐ ×%'!* Ðengineering.€One€such€application€is€presented€in€a€companion€paper.Ð Ÿ&ï!+ ÐÐ g'·", ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ /(#- Ð4.à 4 àAlexander,€T.€W.€(1992).€€Discharge€rates€for€tainter€and€roller€gates€at€Lock€and€DamÐ ÷(G$. ÐNo€25€on€the€Mississippi€River€near€Windfield,€Missouri.€U.S.€Geological€Survey,Ð ¿)%/ ÐWater„Resources€Investigations€Report€92„4118.Ð ‡*×%0 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€water€surface€elevations€on€the€Inland€Waterway€Navigation€System€of€theÐ ,g'2 ÐUpper€Mississippi€River€are€controlled€during€normal€operating€conditions€by€variousÐ ß,/(3 Ðflow€controls€located€at€29€locks€and€dams.€The€headwater€(navigation€pool)€andÐ §-÷(4 Ðtailwater€elevations€at€Lock€and€Dam€No.€25€near€Windfield,€MO,€are€controlled€by€theÐ ° Ðregulation€of€14€tainter€gates€and€3€roller€gates.€Stage€discharge€ratings€for€these€tainterÐ xÈ Ðand€roller€gates€were€developed€for€use€in€computing€discharge€through€Dam€No.€25€andÐ @ Ðto€aid€in€regulating€the€navigation€pool€within€its€normal€operating€limits€of€429.70€toÐ X Ð434.00€ft.€A€total€of€57€measurements€of€discharge€that€ranged€from€370€to€9,220€cuÐ Ð  Ðft/sec€were€made€in€the€tainter€and€roller€gate€forebays.€The€measured€discharges€wereÐ ˜è Ðused€to€define€flow€regimes€as€a€function€of€static„headwater€depth€(h1),€static„tailwaterÐ ` ° Ðdepth€(h3),€and€vertical€height€of€tainter€or€roller€gate€opening€(hg).€Submerged€orificeÐ ( x Ðflow€is€the€predominant€flow€regime€at€lock€and€Dam€No.€25.€Thirty„seven€dischargeÐ ð @ Ðmeasurements€defining€coefficients€of€discharge€(Cgs)€ranging€from€0.087€(hg=1€ft)€toÐ ¸   Ð0.731€(hg=14€ft)€were€used€to€develop€the€submerged€orifice€discharge€coefficientÐ € Ð  Ðrelation€for€the€tainter€gates.€Seventeen€discharge€measurements€defining€coefficients€ofÐ H ˜  Ðdischarge€ranging€from€0.038€(hg=1€ft)€to€0.534€(hg=14€ft)€were€used€to€develop€theÐ `  Ðsubmerged€orifice€discharge€coefficient€relation€for€the€roller€gates.€Also,€three€dischargeÐ Ø(  Ðmeasurements€were€made€with€the€gates€closed€(hg=0)€to€evaluate€the€tainter€and€rollerÐ  ð  Ðgate€leakage€discharge€relations.€Theoretical€equations€that€express€discharge€per€gateÐ h¸  Ð(Q)€as€a€function€of€discrete€hydraulic€control€variables€were€developed€from€theseÐ 0€  Ðdischarge€coefficient€and€gate€leakage€discharge€relations.€The€resulting€equations€ofÐ øH  Ðdischarge€area€applicable€to€gate€openings€of€1€ft€to€14€ft€and€for€orifice€submergenceÐ À Ðratios€(h3/hg)€ranging€from€1.4€to€11.0;€thus,€these€equations€can€be€used€to€computeÐ ˆØ Ðdischarges€for€regulated€flow€conditions€not€otherwise€defined€by€the€current€meterÐ P  Ðdischarge€measurements.€Discharge€rating€tables€for€the€tainter€and€roller€gates€are€givenÐ h Ðfor€selected€combinations€of€headwater€and€tailwater€elevations.Ð à0 ÐÐ ¨ø ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ pÀ Ð5.à 4 àAllan,€J.€D.€and€A.€S.€Flecker€(1993).€€Biodiversity€conservation€in€running€waters.Ð 8ˆ ÐBioscience.€€ò ò43ó ó:32„43.Ð P Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓIn€this€article,€the€authors€describe€the€biological€diversity€of€running€waters€andÐ à Ðits€state€of€imperilment,€and€we€identify€six€major€factors€that€threaten€the€destruction€ofÐ X¨ Ðthese€species€and€ecosystems.€Finally,€although€few€steps€are€being€taken€to€protect€riverÐ  p Ðecosystems,€their€potential€for€recovery€is€considerable,€and€we€close€with€a€discussion€ofÐ è8 Ðmeasures€to€enhance€the€health€of€flowing€waters.Ð °  ÐÐ xÈ! ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ @" Ð6.à 4 àAllendorf,€F.€W.,€N.€Ryman€and€F.€M.€Utter€(1987).€€Genetics€and€fishery€management,Ð  X# Ðpast,€present€and€future.€Pages€€1„19€òòinóó€€N.€Ryman€and€F.€Utter,€eds.€Population€GeneticsÐ Ð $ Ðand€Fisheries€Management,€University€of€Washington€Press,€Seattle,€Washington€(USA).Ð ˜!è% Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓA€review€is€made€of€the€genetic€management€of€fisheries,€examiningÐ (#x' Ðcharacteristics€of€fish€which€make€them€unique€from€a€genetic€perspective€and€thus€haveÐ ð#@( Ðresulted€in€the€delayed€application€of€basic€genetic€principles€to€fisheries€management.Ð ¸$ ) ÐFuture€directions€for€genetics€in€fisheries€management€are€indicated,€discussing€the€needÐ €%Ð * Ðfor€education,€application€of€existing€techniques€and€the€development€of€new€techniques.Ð H&˜!+ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ '`", ÐÐ Ø'(#- Ð7.à 4 àAnderson,€R.€V.€(1989).€Environmental€aspects€of€river€control€in€the€Upper€MississippiÐ  (ð#. ÐRiver.€Pages€€74€òòinóó€M.€D.€Games,€ed.€National€Meeting€of€the€American€Association€forÐ h)¸$/ Ðthe€Advancement€of€Science,€New€Orleans,€Louisiana€(USA),€AAAS€Annual€MeetingÐ 0*€%0 ÐAbstracts.Ð ø*H&1 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€first€lock€and€dam€on€the€Mississippi€River€was€completed€in€1913€atÐ ˆ,Ø'3 ÐKeokuk,€Iowa.€The€resulting€impoundment€and€flooding€and€leveling€of€the€floodplainÐ P- (4 Ðforest€have€substantially€modified€the€river€environment.€The€annual€hydrologic€regimeÐ ° Ðhas€been€changed€with€increasing€flood€frequency€and€elevation.€The€loss€of€floodplainÐ xÈ Ðhabitat€has€altered€energy€flow€and€nutrient€cycles€by€removing€extensiveÐ @ Ðfloodplain/riverine€interactions€and€thus€altering€food€web€structures.€Bottom€substrateÐ X Ðhas€become€finer€grained€with€a€shift€in€benthic€organisms€from€cling€and€sprawling€toÐ Ð  Ðburrowing€forms.€As€silt€accumulates€in€impounded€river€reaches€aquatic€vascular€plantsÐ ˜è Ðbegin€to€grow€dramatically€reducing€benthic€production€and€shifting€communityÐ ` ° Ðcomposition.€Macrophyte€beds€further€accelerate€siltation€which€results€in€a€succession€ofÐ ( x Ðplant€communities€ultimately€reducing€the€permanent€aquatic€habitat.€PresentÐ ð @ Ðmanagement€programs€in€the€Upper€Mississippi€River€are€being€developed€which€shouldÐ ¸   Ðmitigate€some€of€these€environmental€effects.Ð € Ð  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ H ˜  ÐÐ `  Ð8.à 4 àAnderson,€R.€V.,€J.€Eckblad,€T.€Claflin,€S.€Cobb€and€L.€Sanders€(1987).€Habitat€diversityÐ Ø(  Ðand€utilization€by€invertebrates€and€fish€along€the€Mississippi€River€continuum.€Pages€Ð  ð  Ð241€òòinóó€M.€P.€Lynch€and€K.€L.€McDonald,€eds.€Estuarine€and€Coastal€Management,€ToolsÐ h¸  Ðof€the€Trade,€New€Orleans,€Louisiana€(USA).Ð 0€  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€Mississippi€River€from€Minnesota€to€the€Gulf€of€Mexico€represents€theÐ À Ðhigher€orders€(8„12)€of€the€stream€classification€system€arranged€along€an€increasingÐ ˆØ Ðcontinuum.€Theory€suggests€that€a€change€in€community€composition€of€fish€andÐ P  Ðmacroinvertebrates€should€occur€along€this€continuum.€However,€little€changes€in€speciesÐ h Ðcomposition€of€fish€and€trophic€guilds€of€benthic€invertebrates€was€found€whenÐ à0 Ðcomparing€these€communities€from€similar€habitat€types€down€the€length€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐMississippi€River.€Density€did€decline€in€the€lower€reaches€of€the€river€and€much€higherÐ pÀ Ðdensities€of€the€Asiatic€clam€did€occur€in€the€lower€river€reaches.€More€differences€wereÐ 8ˆ Ðfound€in€fish€and€macroinvertebrate€communities€along€a€lateral€gradient€throughout€theÐ P Ðsystem€than€a€longitudinal€gradient.€The€highest€densities€and€biomass€ofÐ È Ðmacroinvertebrates€and€fish€were€found€associated€with€potential€availability€ofÐ à Ðparticulate€organic€matter.Ð X¨ ÐÐ  p ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ è8 Ð9.à 4 àAnderson,€R.€V.,€J.€W.€Grubauch,€R.€E.€Sparks€and€K.€W.€Blodgett€(1989).€Mussels€ofÐ °  ÐPool€19,€75€years€behind€a€dam.€Pages€€13€òòinóó€J.€Rasmussen,€ed.€Proceedings€of€theÐ xÈ! ÐMississippi€River€Research€Consortium,€La€Crosse,€Wisconsin€(USA),€Mississippi€RiverÐ @" ÐResearch€Consortium.Ð  X# Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€river€reach€presently€designated€Pool€19€has€long€been€an€area€of€knownÐ ˜!è% Ðmussel€beds€with€history€notes€dating€to€the€early€19th€century.€€In€association€withÐ `"°& Ðcommercial€harvest€for€the€pearl€button€industry€and€construction€[sic]€of€Dam€19,€earlyÐ (#x' Ðresearchers€predicted€a€reduction€in€the€mussel€populations€of€the€river.€€QualitativeÐ ð#@( Ðconstruction€and€quantitative€records€for€the€past€75€years€were€examined€to€determine€ifÐ ¸$ ) Ðchanges€have€occurred€and€to€evaluate€those€changes€in€the€mussel€community.€€WhileÐ €%Ð * Ðcommercial€mussel€harvest€rapidly€declined€in€the€30's€and€40's€it€has€again€become€aÐ H&˜!+ Ðprevalent€activity€on€the€river€with€tons€of€mussels€being€removed€from€the€riverÐ '`", Ðannually.€€In€1930,€21€species€of€mussels€were€collected€from€this€Pool€while€in€the€mid„Ð Ø'(#- Ð1980's€29€species€were€present.€€Sampling€effort€and€the€number€of€habitats€examinedÐ  (ð#. Ðincreased€in€the€1980's.€€Even€though€simple€diversity€may€have€increased,€density€hasÐ h)¸$/ Ðdecreased.€€Though€more€species€are€presently€reported€from€this€river€reach,€shifts€inÐ 0*€%0 Ðdensity€and€composition€have€occurred€with€previously€abundant€species€becoming€rare.Ð ø*H&1 ÐÐ À+'2 Ðâ âÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ð10.à 4 àAngermeier,€P.€L.€and€J.€R.€Karr€(1994).€€Biological€integrity€versus€biological€diversityÐ ° Ðâ âas€policy€directives.€BioScience.€€ò ò44ó ó:690„697.Ð xÈ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€authors€argue€that€resource€policy€would€be€most€effective€if€the€goal€wereÐ X Ðthe€protection€of€biological€integrity.€€Biological€integrity€is€defined€as€biologicalÐ Ð  Ðdiversity€plus€the€processes€that€support€that€diversity.€€Thus,€it€is€a€truer€systemsÐ ˜è Ðapproach€to€resource€management€than€just€managing€for€the€greatest€different€types€ofÐ ` ° Ðorganisms.€€In€their€argument,€the€authors€stress€the€importance€of€understandingÐ ( x Ðorganizational€heirarchies€in€ecosystem€management.€€Objective€recognition€andÐ ð @ Ðassessment€of€changes€in€integrity€are€critical€for€the€concept's€use€in€resource€policy.€Ð ¸   ÐThus,€appropriate€benchmarks€need€to€be€established€against€which€future€system€statesÐ € Ð  Ðcan€be€compared€and€contrasted.€€Variation€in€elements€attributable€to€natural€processesÐ H ˜  Ðdoes€not€represent€a€variation€in€integrity,€but€variation€caused€by€humans€does.€€TheÐ `  Ðauthors€argue€further€that€evolotionary€history€should€provide€the€primary€basis€forÐ Ø(  Ðassessing€biological€integrity.€€A€keystone€concept€in€their€argument€is€that€ecologicalÐ  ð  Ðprocesses€are€buffered€from€perturbation€by€redundancy€among€ecosystem€elements€andÐ h¸  Ðprocesses.€€Anthropogenic€influences€often€simplify€systems,€reducing€their€redundancy,Ð 0€  Ðand€thus€negatively€impair€system€integrity.€€In€essence,€the€goals€of€biologicalÐ øH  Ðconservation€and€restoration€should€focus€on€protecting€integrity,€especially€theÐ À Ðorganizational€processes€that€generate€and€maintain€all€elements,€rather€than€focusing€onÐ ˆØ Ðthe€presence€or€absence€of€particular€elements.Ð P  ÐÐ h ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ à0 Ð11.à 4 àAnonymous€(1972).€€Upper€Mississippi€River€Comprehensive€Basin€Study:€Volume€I,Ð ¨ø ÐMain€Report.€Upper€Mississippi€River€Comprehensive€Basin€Study€CoordinatingÐ pÀ ÐCommittee.Ð 8ˆ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€study€was€prepared€at€field€level€and€presents€data€for€a€framework€programÐ È Ðfor€the€development€and€management€of€the€water€and€related€land€resources€of€theÐ à ÐUpper€Mississippi€River€Basin.€The€main€report€summarizes€the€findings€of€the€17Ð X¨ Ðsupporting€appendices.€The€water€and€related€land€resources€of€the€basin€are€ample.Ð  p ÐThere€are€opportunities€for€further€resource€development.€Conservation€and€developmentÐ è8 Ðof€the€resources€are€needed€if€the€basin€is€to€maintain€its€relative€position€in€the€nationalÐ °  Ðeconomy.€The€study€presents€the€needs€for€water€and€related€land€resources€and€aÐ xÈ! Ðframework€for€development€of€such€resources.€The€estimated€total€first€cost€of€theÐ @" Ðrecommended€framework€for€development€is€$28.5€billion€of€which€$13.2€billion€isÐ  X# Ðfederal€and€$15.3€billion€is€non„federal.€The€annual€investment€ranges€from€$31€perÐ Ð $ Ðcapita€in€1980€to€$44€per€capita€by€2020.€The€current€annual€rate€of€investment€is€aboutÐ ˜!è% Ð$27€per€capita.€Recommendations€include€approval€and€adoption€of€the€framework€by€theÐ `"°& Ðfederal€government€and€the€seven€basin€states,€further€studies€to€develop€details€of€theÐ (#x' Ðframework,€periodic€review€of€the€framework,€and€continuation€of€the€presentÐ ð#@( Ðcoordinating€committee€pending€organization€of€the€Upper€Mississippi€River€BasinÐ ¸$ ) ÐCommission.Ð €%Ð * ÐÐ H&˜!+ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ '`", Ð12.à 4 àAnonymous€(1978).€€Culvert€guidelines:€recommendations€for€the€design€and€installationÐ Ø'(#- Ðof€culverts€in€British€Columbia€to€avoid€conflict€with€anadromous€fish.€CanadianÐ  (ð#. ÐFisheries€and€Marine€Service,€Technical€Report€of€the€Fisheries€and€Marine€Service€811.Ð h)¸$/ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€report€examines€the€hydraulic€criteria€that€should€be€satisfied€at€a€culvertÐ ø*H&1 Ðinstallation€to€ensure€that€fish€can€migrate€through€the€facility€with€a€minimum€of€stress.Ð À+'2 ÐThe€report€also€outlines€guidelines€that,€if€incorporated€into€the€culvert€design,€shouldÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðproduce€a€facility€that€will€permit€the€free€passage€of€fish€in€most€situations.€The€designÐ P- (4 Ðof€auxiliary€fish€passage€structures€such€as€culvert€baffles€and€tailwater€control€facilitiesÐ ° Ðare€discussed€and€exampled€by€drawings.€Consideration€is€also€given€to€the€installation€ofÐ xÈ Ðculverts€to€avoid€conflicts€with€fish€use€in€the€stream€both€during€and€after€theÐ @ Ðconstruction€period.€Guidance€is€also€given€concerning€the€procedures€to€follow€forÐ X Ðnecessary€approval€of€a€proposed€culvert€installation€by€the€Fisheries€and€Marine€Service.Ð Ð  ÐÐ ˜è ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ` ° Ð13.à 4 àAnonymous€(1978).€Environmental€issues€in€river€basin€development.€Pages€€1163„1172Ð ( x Ðòòinóó€U.€Nations,€ed.€Water€Management€and€Development,€Proceedings€of€the€UnitedÐ ð @ ÐNations€Water€Conference,€Mar€del€Plata€(Argentine),€Pergamon€Press.Ð ¸   Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓEnvironmental€effects€of€dam€construction€in€river€basins€and€methods€ofÐ H ˜  Ðminimizing€such€effects€are€described.€Large€dams€tend€to€have€particularly€significantÐ `  Ðand€complex€effects€on€aquatic€ecosystem€which€must€be€carefully€evaluated€prior€toÐ Ø(  Ðconstruction.€Rational€development€involves:€(1)€a€comprehensive€basinwide€assesmentÐ  ð  Ðof€social,€economic,€and€ecological€characteristics€and€of€the€effects€of€development;€(2)Ð h¸  Ðevaluation€of€development€alternatives€reflecting€social,€economic,€and€environmentalÐ 0€  Ðfactors€to€provide€the€basis€for€environmental€management.€Dam€construction€canÐ øH  Ðprovide€the€water€supply,€hydroelectric€power,€and€flood€control,€and€can€greatlyÐ À Ðimprove€agriculture,€forestry,€and€livestock€management.€Excessive€use€of€water€andÐ ˆØ Ðagricultural€chemicals€can€however,€cause€waterlogging€and€salinization,€and€can€affectÐ P  Ðwater€quality€and€quantity.€Dams€produce€a€permanent€physical€transformation,Ð h Ðinundating€settled€areas€and€destroying€habitats€,€affecting€the€groundwater€regime€andÐ à0 Ðwater€table,€possibly€increasing€seismic€tendencies,€and€often€leading€to€explosiveÐ ¨ø Ðaquatic€weed€growth€and€the€spread€of€schistosomiasis€and€other€communicable€diseases.Ð pÀ ÐDams€in€tropical€areas€tend€to€favor€weed€propagation€and€vectors€of€parasitic€diseases,Ð 8ˆ Ðwhile€temperate„zone€dams€often€interfere€with€fish€migration.€Resettlement€ofÐ P Ðpopulation€displaced€by€dams€often€leads€to€housing,€disease,€and€social€problems.€LossÐ È Ðof€wetlands€endangers€many€plant€and€animal€species.Ð à ÐÐ X¨ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ  p Ð14.à 4 àAnonymous€(1978).€€A€review€and€resolution€of€fish€passage€problems€at€culvert€sites€inÐ è8 ÐBritish€Columbia€(2nd€edition).€Fisheries€and€Marine€Service,€Technical€Report€of€theÐ °  ÐFisheries€and€Marine€Service€810.Ð xÈ! Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€success€or€failure€of€a€fish€in€migrating€through€a€culvert€depends€upon€theÐ  X# Ðswimming€ability€of€the€fish€and€the€hydraulic€conditions€present.€In€culverts€stream€flowÐ Ð $ Ðvelocities€are€maximized€and€usually€constant€throughout€most€of€the€culvert€length€asÐ ˜!è% Ðopposed€to€the€variety€of€conditions€in€a€natural€stream€channel.€From€documentation€ofÐ `"°& Ðswimming€ability€of€salmon€(Oncorhynchus€)€it€is€possible€to€determine€hydraulic€criteriaÐ (#x' Ðthat€must€be€satisfied€to€ensure€free€fish€passage,€especially€throughout€the€spawningÐ ð#@( Ðmigration€period.€Since€detailed€stream€flow€records€for€small€streams€in€BritishÐ ¸$ ) ÐColumbia€have€not€been€taken,€a€general€system€must€be€used.€Some€recommendationsÐ €%Ð * Ðfor€culvert€design€are€given.Ð H&˜!+ ÐÐ '`", ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ Ø'(#- Ð15.à 4 àAnonymous€(1978).€€A€study€of€model€and€prototype€culvert€baffling€for€fish€passage.Ð  (ð#. ÐFisheries€and€Marine€Service,€Technical€Report€of€the€Fisheries€and€Marine€Service€828.Ð h)¸$/ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMost€streams,€crossed€by€roads€or€highways,€are€culverted.€Many€such€crossingsÐ ø*H&1 Ðare€impassable€to€migrating€fish€because€of€the€culvert€length€and€the€high€waterÐ À+'2 Ðvelocities€in€them.€A€hydraulic€model€study€tested€and€developed€devices€to€aid€fishÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðpassage€through€culverts.€Based€on€the€model€study€recommendations,€Offset€baffles€andÐ P- (4 ÐSpoiler€baffles€were€designed€and€installed€at€the€Mackenzie€Highway€crossing€of€theÐ ° ÐRedknife€River.€Field€testing€showed€good€agreement,€between€model€and€prototypeÐ xÈ Ðresults.€The€effectiveness€of€both€baffle€types€is€inversely€proportional€to€culvert€slope.Ð @ ÐMaximum€recommended€slope€is€5%.€A€method€of€judging€baffle€adequacy€is€provided.Ð X ÐThe€Offset€and€Spoiler€baffles€are€recommended,€primarily€for€correcting€existing€culvertÐ Ð  Ðinstallations€and€for€proposed€stream€crossings€where€alternative€designs€are€neitherÐ ˜è Ðpractical€nor€economical.€Minor€problems€were€presented€by€ice,€debris€and€sediment.Ð ` ° ÐUnsuccessful€attempts€by€Arctic€grayling€òòThymallus€arcticusóó€and€longnose€suckerÐ ( x ÐòòCatostomus€commersonióó,€to€enter€the€Redknife€River€culverts,€were€observed;€theirÐ ð @ Ðfailures€were€attributed€to€overwhelming€water€velocities€associated€with€elevated€culvertÐ ¸   Ðoutlets.Ð € Ð  ÐÐ H ˜  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ `  Ð16.à 4 àAnonymous€(1979).€€Anadromous€fisheries€management.€Massachusetts€Division€ofÐ Ø(  ÐMarine€Fisheries,€Completion€Report€.Ð  ð  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓDuring€the€project€period€AFCS€14„1€through€AFCS€14„5€(1974„1979),€eight€fishÐ 0€  Ðpassage€facilities€were€constructed,€four€fishways€were€improved€and€another€217€wereÐ øH  Ðadjusted€and€cleaned.€A€total€of€151,550€alewives€were€stocked€in€34€areas€whereÐ À Ðpassage€improvements€were€made€or€anticipated.€Smelt€eggs€(113.7€million)€wereÐ ˆØ Ðplanted€in€Millcreek,€Sandwich;€Bull€Brook,€Rowley,€and€Jones€River,€Kingston.€ShadÐ P  Ðeggs€were€stocked€in€Charles€River€(5,337,100),€Taunton€River€(11,908,200)€andÐ h ÐMerrimack€River€(12,104,700)€in€an€effort€to€establish€shad€populations.€A€total€of€2237Ð à0 Ðpre„spawning€adult€shad€were€transplanted€from€the€Holyoke€Fish€Lift€to€fourÐ ¨ø ÐMassachusetts€rivers.Ð pÀ ÐÐ 8ˆ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ P Ð17.à 4 àAnonymous€(1989).€€Long„term€resource€monitoring€program€for€the€Upper€MississippiÐ È ÐRiver€system.€U.S.€Geologic€Survey,€Environmental€Management€Technical€Center,Ð à ÐAnnual€Report€EMTC„89/02.Ð X¨ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€First€Annual€Report€of€the€Long€Term€Resource€Monitoring€Program€for€theÐ è8 ÐUpper€Mississippi€River€System€covers€the€period€from€September,€1986€throughÐ °  ÐJanuary€1989.€The€report€includes:€program€activities€information€concerningÐ xÈ! Ðcooperation€between€member€states€and€agencies;€a€summary€of€the€past€year's€dataÐ @" Ðcollection€effort€for€water€quality;€deviations€from€the€Operating€Plan;€critical€paths€andÐ  X# Ðfunding€requirements€through€1999;€plans€for€the€coming€year,€and;€management€of€theÐ Ð $ ÐEnvironmental€Management€Technical€Center.€Technical€Center€Staff€are€dividedÐ ˜!è% Ðbetween€Ecology€and€the€Computerized€River€Information€Center.€Ecology€is€responsibleÐ `"°& Ðfor€the€analysis€of€significant€resource€problems€and€for€long€term€resource€monitoring€ofÐ (#x' Ðthe€Upper€Mississippi€River€System.€The€Computerized€River€Information€Center€isÐ ð#@( Ðresponsible€for€supplying€the€necessary€computer€hardware€and€software€for€geographicalÐ ¸$ ) Ðinformation€systems,€data€base€management,€modeling€and€statistical€analysis.Ð €%Ð * ÐÐ H&˜!+ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ '`", Ð18.à 4 àAnonymous€(1990).€€Environmental€management€program:€Long€term€resourceÐ Ø'(#- Ðmonitoring€program,€Upper€Mississippi€River€system.€U.S.€Geological€Survey,Ð  (ð#. ÐEnvironmental€Management€Technical€CenterEMTC„90/05.Ð h)¸$/ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€Second€Annual€Report€of€the€Long€Term€Resource€Monitoring€Program€forÐ ø*H&1 Ðthe€Upper€Mississippi€River€System€covers€the€period€from€January€through€DecemberÐ À+'2 Ð1989.€The€report€summarizes€program€activities;€information€concerning€cooperationÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðbetween€member€states€and€agencies;€program€management€information€concerningÐ P- (4 Ðstaffing€and€budgeting;€variances€from€the€Annual€Work€Plan€and€task€scheduling€forÐ ° Ðcurrent€and€future€fiscal€years.€Environmental€Management€Center€and€Field€StationÐ xÈ Ðoperations€are€described€and€accomplishments€for€the€year€are€summarized.€A€listing€ofÐ @ Ðcompleted€publications€is€provided.Ð X ÐÐ Ð  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ˜è Ð19.à 4 àAnonymous€(1992).€€Bibliographical€materials€related€to€navigation€project.€Long€termÐ ` ° Ðresource€monitoring€program.€U.S.€Geological€Survey,€Environmental€ManagementÐ ( x ÐTechnical€Center,€Report€EMTC92S012.Ð ð @ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€strategy€to€quantify€physical€impacts€of€commercial€traffic€is€included€in€theÐ € Ð  ÐLong€Term€Resource€Monitoring€Program€(LTRMP)€Operating€Plan€(USFWS€1992)€asÐ H ˜  ÐStrategy€1.2.2,€and€to€determine€effects€of€navigation€on€selected€components€andÐ `  Ðprocesses€of€the€Upper€Mississippi€River€System.€Future€navigation€studies€under€theÐ Ø(  ÐLTRMP€will€continue€in€conjunction€with€environmental€studies€yet€to€be€described€byÐ  ð  Ðthe€U.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineers.€The€bibliography€is€intended€as€a€reference€documentÐ h¸  Ðfor€researchers€interested€in€retrieving€reports€prepared€by€the€Illinois€State€Water€SurveyÐ 0€  Ðwhile€under€contract€to€the€U.S.€Fish€and€Wildlife€Service€between€1986€and€1992.Ð øH  ÐÐ À ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ˆØ Ð20.à 4 àAnonymous€(1998).€€National€strategy€for€the€conservation€of€native€freshwater€mussels.Ð P  ÐJournal€of€Shellfish€Research.€€ò ò17ó ó:1419„1428.Ð h Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓOn€April€1995,€representatives€from€several€federal€and€state€natural€resourceÐ ¨ø Ðagencies,€the€commercial€mussel€industry€(Shell€Exporters€of€America),€academia,€andÐ pÀ ÐThe€Nature€Conservancy€met€to€discuss€freshwater€mussel€declines€and€gatherÐ 8ˆ Ðinformation€on€freshwater€mussel€trends,€research,€and€recovery€activities€(Appendix€I).Ð P ÐAs€a€result€of€the€magnitude€and€immediacy€of€the€nationwide€threats€to€the€freshwaterÐ È Ðmussel€fauna,€the€group€agreed€that€a€coordinated€effort€of€national€scope€was€needed€toÐ à Ðprevent€further€mussel€extinctions€and€population€declines.€To€address€this€need,€theÐ X¨ Ðgroup€decided€to€(1)€draft€a€National€Strategy€for€the€Conservation€of€Native€FreshwaterÐ  p ÐMussels€(National€Strategy)€and€(2)€establish€a€national€ad€hoc€committee€with€broad„Ð è8 Ðbased€representation€from€state,€tribal,€and€federal€agencies,€the€mussel€industry,€privateÐ °  Ðconservation€groups,€and€the€academic€community€to€help€implement€musselÐ xÈ! Ðconservation€at€the€national€level.€A€draft€National€Strategy€was€presented€at€the€secondÐ @" ÐSymposium€on€the€Conservation€and€Management€of€Freshwater€Mussels€organized€byÐ  X# Ðthe€Upper€Mississippi€River€Conservation€Committee,€in€St.€Louis,€Missouri€in€OctoberÐ Ð $ Ð1995.€Comments€received€at€and€subsequent€to€the€symposium€were€incorporated€intoÐ ˜!è% Ðanother€draft€dated€September€16,€1996.€The€September€1996€draft€was€presented€at€aÐ `"°& ÐFebruary€1997€meeting€of€the€newly€formed€National€Native€Mussel€ConservationÐ (#x' ÐCommittee€in€St.€Louis,€Missouri.€Comments€from€the€February€1997€meeting€have€beenÐ ð#@( Ðincorporated€into€this€current€document.Ð ¸$ ) ÐÐ €%Ð * ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ H&˜!+ Ð21.à 4 àAnonymous€(1999).€€A€comparison€of€genetic€variability€in€artificial€and€naturalÐ '`", Ðpopulations€of€brown€trout€in€a€regulated€river€system.€Regulated€Rivers:€Research€&Ð Ø'(#- ÐManagement.€€ò ò15ó ó:159„168.Ð  (ð#. Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓBrown€trout€òòSalmo€truttaóó€were€sampled€from€tributaries€of€Glomma,€the€largestÐ 0*€%0 Ðriver€system€in€Norway.€Brown€trout€were€formerly€known€to€migrate€long€distances,€butÐ ø*H&1 Ðseveral€dams€and€river€regulations€have€made€migration€difficult,€as€fishways€constructedÐ À+'2 Ðat€the€dams€are€not€efficient.€To€compensate€for€the€resultant€reduction€in€brown€trout,Ð ˆ,Ø'3 Ðthe€river€system€has€been€stocked€with€hatchery€fish€reared€from€native€brown€trout.Ð P- (4 ÐGenetic€analysis€by€enzyme€electrophoresis€was€conducted€to€monitor€possible€geneticÐ ° Ðeffects€on€native€fish.€Brown€trout€were€obtained€from€a€fishway€at€Lopet€in€the€SouthÐ xÈ ÐRena€River,€and€from€a€section€at€Deset,€16€km€upstream€of€the€fishway.€One€sample€wasÐ @ Ðtaken€from€a€cohort€of€first€generation€hatchery€fish,€based€on€only€six€spawning€fishÐ X Ðcollected€in€the€fishway,€and€one€sample€was€taken€from€the€second€hatchery€generation,Ð Ð  Ðbred€from€a€mixture€of€two€cohorts€of€first€generation€hatchery€fish.€The€pooledÐ ˜è Ðbroodstock€of€these€two€first€generation€cohorts€numbered€five€females€and€five€males.Ð ` ° ÐEight€samples€were€taken€from€second„,€third„€and€fourth„order€streams€containingÐ ( x Ðpopulations€differing€in€size€and€degree€of€isolation.€Tissue€samples€taken€from€eye,€liverÐ ð @ Ðand€muscle€were€analyzed€using€starch€gel€electrophoresis€for€protein€polymorphism€toÐ ¸   Ðdetermine€genetic€population€structures.€Allele€frequencies,€heterozygosity€andÐ € Ð  Ðpolymorphism€were€compared.€The€fraction€of€heterozygosity€ranged€from€3.3€to€13.5%Ð H ˜  Ðin€the€wild€populations,€and€the€lowest€fraction€was€found€in€the€most€isolatedÐ `  Ðpopulation.€Heterozygosity€was€8.0%€in€the€first€generation€of€hatchery€reared€fish€andÐ Ø(  Ð7.3%€in€the€second€generation.€The€number€of€detected€polymorphic€loci€ranged€fromÐ  ð  Ðone€to€seven,€with€a€mean€of€4.5,€in€wild€populations,€but€was€three€in€the€first€generationÐ h¸  Ðand€four€in€the€second€generation€of€hatchery€fish.€Polymorphism€seemed€to€be€lost€atÐ 0€  Ðthree€loci€in€the€first€generation,€but€one€locus€was€restored€in€the€second€generation,Ð øH  Ðprobably€due€to€breeding€with€another€hatchery€cohort.Ð À ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ˆØ ÐÐ P  Ð22.à 4 àArrhenius,€F.,€B.€Benneheij,€L.€G.€Rudstam€and€D.€Boisclair€(2000).€€Can€stationaryÐ h Ðbottom€split„beam€hydroacoustics€be€used€to€measure€fish€swimming€speed€in€situ?Ð à0 ÐFisheries€Research.€€ò ò45ó ó:31„41.Ð ¨ø Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓWe€used€split„beam€hydroacoustics€(Simrad€EY500,€70€kHz)€as€a€method€forÐ 8ˆ Ðestimating€fish€swimming€speed€in€situ.€The€method€was€first€evaluated€in€the€field€usingÐ P Ðunderwater€video€cameras€(stereocinematographic€method,€SCG)€to€estimate€accurateÐ È Ðfish€swimming€speeds.€The€mean€and€distribution€of€swimming€speeds€of€15„cm€brookÐ à Ðtrout€(òòSalvelinus€fontinalisóó)€obtained€by€the€two€methods€were€not€statistically€differentÐ X¨ Ð(average€17.8€cm€sÔÎÿî> pÔ„1Ô2 pî>Ô€with€split„beam€and€18.6€cm€sÔÎÿî> pÔ„1Ô2 pî>Ô€with€SCG).€We€then€used€the€split„Ð  p Ðbeam€technique€to€measure€swimming€performance€in€situ€for€fish€assumed€to€be€yellowÐ è8 Ðperch€(òòPerca€flavescensóó)€and€alewives€(òòAlosa€pseudoharengusóó)€in€two€lakes€in€New€YorkÐ °  ÐState,€USA.€The€measured€swimming€speeds€ranged€from€0.5€to€6€body€length€(BL)€perÐ xÈ! Ðsecond€for€juvenile€and€adult€fish.€Other€laboratory€studies€on€swimming€speeds€haveÐ @" Ðreported€values€in€the€same€range.€However,€measured€swimming€speeds€for€smaller€fishÐ  X# Ðwere€unrealistically€high€(2„32€BL€sÔÎÿž îÐ Ô„1Ô2Ð ž îÔ)€Advantages€of€the€split„beam€method€are€theÐ Ð $ Ðability€of€measuring€swimming€speed€independently€of€visibility,€with€minimalÐ ˜!è% Ðdisturbance€and€at€large€distances.€Disadvantages€are€the€inability€to€distinguish€speciesÐ `"°& Ðobserved€and€some€variance€in€target€location,€which€results€in€calculated€averageÐ (#x' Ðswimming€speeds€of€2.6€cm€sÔÎÿ¾#ð#@Ô„1Ô2ð#@¾#Ô€even€for€a€stationary€target.Ð ð#@( ÐÐ ¸$ ) ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ €%Ð * Ð23.à 4 àArseneault,€M.€(1994).€€Salmon€saga:€Murphy's€law€as€a€fish€story.€Ceres.€Rome.€€ò ò26ó ó:10„Ð H&˜!+ Ð12.Ð '`", Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓFor€thousands€of€years€salmon€(Salmonidae)€and€7€other€species€of€fish€migratedÐ  (ð#. Ðup€the€Dordogne€in€France.€At€the€turn€of€the€20th€Century€hydroelectric€dams€wereÐ h)¸$/ Ðconstructed€along€the€river,€impeding€salmon€reproduction;€despite€the€construction€ofÐ 0*€%0 Ðfish€ladders€at€the€dams,€by€1920€the€salmon€had€disappeared€from€the€Dordogne.€AÐ ø*H&1 Ðsalmon€restoration€project€was€initiated€but€15€years€and€40€million€FF€later€the€salmonÐ À+'2 Ðhave€still€not€returned.€The€various€problems€encountered€in€trying€to€ensure€the€return€ofÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðthe€salmon€to€the€river€are€discussed.Ð P- (4 Ð‡Ó ¨ýXÓÐ ° Ð24.à 4 àAssis,€C.€A.€(1990).€€Threats€to€the€survival€of€anadromous€fishes€in€the€River€Tagus,Ð xÈ ÐPortugal.€Journal€of€Fish€Biology.€€ò ò37€(Suppl.€A)ó ó:225„226.Ð @ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMost€European€anadromous€fish€are€threatened€species.€This€investigationÐ Ð  Ðconcerns€the€River€Tagus€(Iberian€Peninsula).€Four€anadromous€fish€spp€occur€in€thisÐ ˜è Ðbasin€but€they€no€longer€reach€the€upper€(Spanish)€part.€In€Portugal,€the€sea€lamprey,Ð ` ° ÐòòPetromyzon€marinusóó€(Petromyzontidae),€and€the€twaite€shad,€òòAlosa€fallax€óó(Clupeidae),Ð ( x Ðare€still€common,€the€allis€shad,€òòAlosa€alosaóó€(Clupeidae),€is€rapidly€declining€and€theÐ ð @ Ðriver€lamprey,€òòLampetra€fluviatilisóó€(Petromyzontidae),€is€rare.€The€sturgeon,€òòAcipenserÐ ¸   Ðsturioóó€(Acipenseridae),€no€longer€occurs€in€the€River€Tagus.€In€the€Tagus€basin€there€areÐ € Ð  Ðcountless€sources€of€all€types€of€industrial€and€urban€pollution.€Although€mostÐ H ˜  Ðanadromous€fish€species€used€to€live€in€the€whole€Tagus€basin,€reaching€its€SpanishÐ `  Ðportion,€they€are€now€limited€to€the€lower€200€km€of€the€main€Tagus€River.€ThisÐ Ø(  Ðlimitation€is€due€to€two€dams€which€are€impassable€barriers,€either€because€the€fishways,Ð  ð  Ðwhen€they€exist,€are€not€suitable€for€these€anadromous€species€or€because€they€areÐ h¸  Ðcurrently€not€in€use.€The€reservoir€at€Castelo€de€Bode€contains€a€land„locked€populationÐ 0€  Ðof€allis€shad.€This€population,€due€to€its€lower€condition,€size€and€weight€has€a€lowÐ øH  Ðcommercial€value.€The€impact€caused€by€fishermen€on€the€anadromous€fish€stocks€isÐ À Ðimportant€at€two€levels,€both€leading€to€low€recruitment.Ð ˆØ ÐÐ P  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ h Ð25.à 4 àAuer,€N.€A.€(1994).€€Effects€of€change€in€operation€of€a€small€hydroelectric€facility€onÐ à0 Ðspawning€characteristics€of€lake€sturgeon.€Lake€and€Reservoir€Management.€€ò ò9ó ó:52„53.Ð ¨ø Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMigratory€lake€sturgeon,€òòAcipenser€fulvescensóó,€which€spawn€below€a€smallÐ 8ˆ Ðhydroelectric€facility€located€on€the€Sturgeon€River,€Michigan€have€responded€to€aÐ P Ðchange€in€facility€operation€negotiated€during€recent€relicensing.€SpawningÐ È Ðcharacteristics€of€this€stock€of€fish€have€been€monitored€for€6€years.€The€facility€operatedÐ à Ðas€a€peaking€facility€from€1987€through€1989,€generating€electricity€from€0800€to€1700Ð X¨ Ðhrs.€Near€run„of„the„river€flows€were€provided€in€1991€and€1992.€The€facility€closelyÐ  p Ðmatched€discharge€from€the€plant€to€that€received€into€the€reservoir€24€hrs/day.€TheÐ è8 Ðchange€in€facility€operation€and€therefore€water€discharge€pattern,€created€changes€inÐ °  Ðseveral€characteristics€of€the€spawning€lake€sturgeon€population.€There€has€been€aÐ xÈ! Ðreduction€in€time€adult€lake€sturgeon€are€observed€on€site,€an€increase€in€total€number€andÐ @" Ðsize€of€adults,€an€increase€in€spawning„ready€fish,€and€a€change€in€location€of€capture.Ð  X# ÐConstant€and€non€fluctuating€water€flows€now€produced€by€run„of„the„river€operationÐ Ð $ Ðappear€to€be€triggers€to€reproductive€readiness€and€allow€more€and€larger€fish€to€moveÐ ˜!è% Ðonto€spawning€grounds.€These€changes€in€operation€are€beneficial€to€spawning€lakeÐ `"°& Ðsturgeon,€a€species€threatened€in€the€state€of€Michigan.€These€changes€may€be€applied€toÐ (#x' Ðother€small€hydropower€facilities€and€fisheries€to€improve€multiple€use€of€waterÐ ð#@( Ðresources.Ð ¸$ ) ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ €%Ð * ÐÐ H&˜!+ Ð26.à 4 àAuer,€N.€A.€(1996).€€Importance€of€habitat€and€migration€to€sturgeons€with€emphasis€onÐ '`", Ðlake€sturgeon.€Canadian€Journal€of€Fisheries€and€Aquatic€Sciences.€€ò ò53€(Suppl.€1)ó ó:152„Ð Ø'(#- Ð160.Ð  (ð#. Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓSturgeons€utilize€a€variety€of€habitat€types€throughout€their€life:€rivers€forÐ 0*€%0 Ðspawning;€rivers,€lakes,€estuaries,€or€the€sea€for€feeding€and€wintering€adults;€andÐ ø*H&1 Ðestuarine€areas€for€feeding€young.€Distances€covered€by€some€sturgeons€during€spawningÐ À+'2 Ðmigrations€show€a€positive€relationship€to€average€adult€size.€The€lake€sturgeon,Ð ˆ,Ø'3 ÐòòAcipenser€fulvescensóó,€is€the€only€sturgeon€endemic€to€the€Great€Lakes€basin.€MostÐ P- (4 Ðremaining€populations€in€the€basin€are€restricted€in€movement,€yet€in€a€few,€free„rangingÐ ° Ðpopulations€still€remain.€Study€of€these€populations€will€more€adequately€define€rangeÐ xÈ Ðand€habitat€preferences€of€the€species.€Some€state€and€federal€agencies€are€now€creatingÐ @ Ðmanagement€plans€for€lake€sturgeon.€Those€plans€need€to€be€based€on€informationÐ X Ðgathered€from€free„ranging€groups.€A€barrier„free€250„300€km€combined€river€and€lakeÐ Ð  Ðrange€is€suggested€as€a€minimum€distance€to€support€self„sustaining€populations€andÐ ˜è Ðdistances€of€750„1000€km€should€not€be€considered€unusual.€Fishery€managers€shouldÐ ` ° Ðgive€barrier€removal€or€fish€passage€greater€consideration€than€habitat€enhancement€forÐ ( x Ðpopulations€currently€isolated€and€restricted€in€range.Ð ð @ ÐÐ ¸   ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ € Ð  Ð27.à 4 àAuer,€N.€A.€(1996).€€Response€of€spawning€lake€sturgeons€to€change€in€hydroelectricÐ H ˜  Ðfacility€operation.€Transactions€of€the€American€Fisheries€Society.€€ò ò125ó ó:66„77.Ð `  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓSpawning€of€lake€sturgeon€òòAcipenser€fulvescensóó€was€documented€from€1987€toÐ  ð  Ð1992€below€the€Prickett€hydroelectric€facility€on€the€Sturgeon€River,€a€tributary€toÐ h¸  ÐPortage€Lake,€Michigan.€Lake€sturgeons€were€captured€at€the€spawning€site€with€dip€netsÐ 0€  Ðduring€periods€of€reduced€flow.€A€change€in€the€spawning€characteristics€of€theÐ øH  Ðpopulation€was€noted€that€corresponded€to€a€change€in€the€operation€of€the€hydroelectricÐ À Ðfacility.€In€1987€and€1988€the€facility€operated€in€a€peaking€mode,€which€resulted€in€largeÐ ˆØ Ðdaily€fluctuations€in€river€flows.€The€years€1989€and€1990€were€years€of€transition,€and€inÐ P  Ð1991€and€1992€the€facility€released€near€run„of„the„river€(ROR)€flows.€Under€near„RORÐ h Ðflows,€which€were€more€natural,€adult€lake€sturgeons€spent€4„6€weeks€less€at€theÐ à0 Ðspawning€sites,€74%€more€fish€were€observed,€weights€were€greater€due€to€a€68%Ð ¨ø Ðincrease€in€number€of€females,€and€fish€had€increased€reproductive€readiness.€The€changeÐ pÀ Ðin€flow€regime€was€the€result€of€a€Federal€Energy€Regulatory€Commission€relicensingÐ 8ˆ Ðaction.€The€positive€response€observed€in€lake€sturgeon€spawning€activity€that€resultedÐ P Ðfrom€the€change€of€facility€operation€to€near„ROR€flows€should€be€beneficial€to€theÐ È Ðsurvival€and€perpetuation€of€this€population.€Similar€results€may€be€experienced€in€otherÐ à Ðlake€sturgeon€waters€affected€by€manipulated€flow€regimes.Ð X¨ ÐÐ  p ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ è8 Ð28.à 4 àAuer,€N.€A.€(1999).€€Population€characteristics€and€movements€of€lake€sturgeon€in€theÐ °  ÐSturgeon€River€and€Lake€Superior.€Journal€of€Great€Lakes€Research.€€ò ò25ó ó:282„293.Ð xÈ! Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓA€2.6„km€reach€of€the€Sturgeon€River,€containing€two€sets€of€rapids,€is€anÐ  X# Ðimportant€spawning€site€to€a€native€population€of€lake€sturgeon,€òòAcipenser€fulvescensóó,Ð Ð $ Ðwhich€ranges€widely€into€southern€Lake€Superior.€Similar€spawning€areas€in€other€GreatÐ ˜!è% ÐLake€tributaries€may€also€be€important€to€the€protection€and€rehabilitation€of€lakeÐ `"°& Ðsturgeon€throughout€this€region.€Information€on€range€and€habitat€needs€of€this€species,Ð (#x' Ðwhich€is€considered€"threatened"€in€the€State€of€Michigan,€was€obtained€from€theÐ ð#@( ÐSturgeon€River€spawning€population€from€1987€to€1995.€Radio„tracking€was€employed€toÐ ¸$ ) Ðdetermine€movements€and€habitat€use€by€post„spawning€lake€sturgeon.€Telemetry€dataÐ €%Ð * Ðfrom€25€fish€were€supplemented€with€data€obtained€through€identification€tag€returns.Ð H&˜!+ ÐDuring€the€study€925€lake€sturgeon€were€handled;€86€returned€to€spawn€1€time€and€12Ð '`", Ðreturned€2€times.€Spawning€intervals€for€male€lake€sturgeon€were€commonly€2,€3,€or€4Ð Ø'(#- Ðyears;€yearly€spawning€by€males€was€never€observed.€Females€returned€to€spawn€after€3Ð  (ð#. Ðto€7€years.€From€1991€to€1995€the€male:female€sex€ratio€at€the€spawning€site€was€1.25€toÐ h)¸$/ Ð2.7.€In€1990€13€of€18€adults€fitted€with€transmitters€moved€out€of€the€river€within€9€days.Ð 0*€%0 ÐUpon€reaching€Portage€Lake€nine€individuals€spent€time€in€shallow€(maximum€depth,€6Ð ø*H&1 Ðm)€Pike€Bay.€After€3€to€53€days€(mean,€22)€tagged€fish€moved€into€the€deeper€water€ofÐ À+'2 ÐPortage€Lake€(maximum€depth,€17€m)€and€ranged€more€widely.€Three€fish€were€locatedÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðin€Keweenaw€Bay,€Lake€Superior€by€late€August.€Identification€tag€returns€reveal€thatÐ P- (4 Ðlake€sturgeon€traveled€70€to€280€km€from€the€spawning€site€throughout€southern€LakeÐ ° ÐSuperior.Ð xÈ ÐÐ @ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ X Ð29.à 4 àBain,€M.€B.,€J.€T.€Finn€and€H.€E.€Booke€(1988).€€Streamflow€regulation€and€fishÐ Ð  Ðcommunity€structure.€Ecology.€€ò ò69ó ó:382„392.Ð ˜è Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMany€regulated€streams€are€characterized€by€highly€variable€and€unpredictableÐ ( x Ðflow€regimes.€Since€changes€in€streamflow€directly€modify€physical€habitat,€streams€withÐ ð @ Ðsuch€highly€variable€flows€provide€highly€unstable€aquatic€habitats.€The€authorsÐ ¸   Ðevaluated€the€effect€of€artificial€streamflow€fluctuation€on€stream€fish€communities€byÐ € Ð  Ðcomparing€fish€densities,€in€species€and€habitat€groups,€between€two€rivers€differing€inÐ H ˜  Ðdaily€flow€regime:€one€with€a€natural€flow,€and€one€with€highly€regulated€flows.Ð `  ÐÐ Ø(  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ  ð  Ð30.à 4 àBainbridge,€R.€(1958).€€The€speed€of€swimming€as€related€to€size€and€to€the€frequencyÐ h¸  Ðand€amplitude€of€the€tail€beat.€Journal€of€Experimental€Biology.€€ò ò35ó ó:129„153.Ð 0€  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€author€describes€an€apparatus€in€which€it€is€possible€to€study€and€record€theÐ À Ðcontinuous€swimming€of€fish€at€speeds€up€to€20€m.p.h.€€Records€made€of€the€swimmingÐ ˆØ Ðat€different€speeds€of€dace,€trout,€and€goldfish€measuring€up€to€30€cm€in€length€areÐ P  Ðreproduced.€€Speed€at€any€particular€frequency€of€tail€beat€is€shown€to€be€directly€relatedÐ h Ðto€the€length€of€the€specimen.€€Above€a€frequency€of€5€tail€beats€per€second,€speed€isÐ à0 Ðdirectly€dependent€upon€frequency€up€to€the€maximum€values€recorded.€€The€results€forÐ ¨ø Ðall€sizes€and€species€recorded€may€be€adequately€expressed€by€the€formula€V=1/4{L(3f„Ð pÀ Ð4)},€where€V€=€the€speed€in€cm/sec,€f€=€the€frequency€in€beats€per€second,€and€L€is€theÐ 8ˆ Ðbody€length€in€cm.€€The€distance€travelled€per€beat€(and€hence€the€speed)€is€directlyÐ P Ðdependent€upon€the€amplitude€of€the€tailbeat.Ð È ÐÐ à ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ X¨ Ð31.à 4 àBaldwin,€C.€K.€and€U.€Lall€(1999).€€Seasonality€of€streamflow:€The€Upper€MississippiÐ  p ÐRiver.€Water€Resources€Research.€€ò ò35ó ó:1143„1154.Ð è8 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€understanding€of€seasonal€variations€in€streamflow€is€important€for€waterÐ xÈ! Ðresource€management.€The€dynamics€of€streamflow€are€often€dominated€by€annual€andÐ @" Ðintra„annual€variations,€and€the€global€warming€debate€has€also€generated€an€interest€inÐ  X# Ðpotential€changes€in€the€seasonal€cycle€of€hydroclimatic€variables.€Thus€there€areÐ Ð $ Ðmechanistic€as€well€as€policy€motivations€for€an€empirical€analysis€of€the€historicalÐ ˜!è% Ðseasonal€variations€in€streamflow.€The€seasonality€of€the€upper€Mississippi€RiverÐ `"°& Ðstreamflow€is€investigated€in€this€paper€using€a€123„year€record€of€daily€flow.€This€longÐ (#x' Ðstreamflow€series€provides€an€interesting€look€at€the€high„€and€low„flow€seasons€withinÐ ð#@( Ðthe€year,€their€interannual€variation,€and€within„season€attributes.€Evidence€for€changes€inÐ ¸$ ) Ðthe€timing€and€amplitude€of€these€seasons€and€the€annual€flow€extremes€is€presented.Ð €%Ð * ÐConnections€to€similar€trends€in€regional€climate€variables€are€noted.€The€upperÐ H&˜!+ ÐMississippi€River€streamflow€exhibits€bimodal€probability€distributions€for€monthlyÐ '`", Ðaverages€and€for€specific€seasons.€Transitions€across€the€high„€and€low„flow€regimesÐ Ø'(#- Ðcorresponding€to€these€modes€exhibit€memory€across€seasons€and€over€years.€Thus€anÐ  (ð#. Ðempirical€basis€for€seasonal€or€longer€prediction€is€provided.€Needs€for€developing€aÐ h)¸$/ Ðmechanistic€explanation€of€the€empirical€observations€offered€are€also€indicated.Ð 0*€%0 ÐÐ ø*H&1 ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ À+'2 Ð32.à 4 àBalon,€E.€K.€(1978).€€Kariba:€The€dubious€benefits€of€large€dams.€Ambio.€€ò ò7ó ó:40„48.Ð ˆ,Ø'3 Ðà 4 àÐ P- (4 ÐÓ X¨ýÓThe€ecological€consequences€of€dam€building€extend€far€beyond€the€commonÐ ° Ðcost„benefit€analysis.€On€the€Zambezi€River€for€example,€a€unique€and€stable€ecologicalÐ xÈ Ðsystem,€which€took€millenia€to€develop,€was€rapidly€changed€by€dams€into€lessÐ @ Ðproductive€lakes.€The€process€was€accompanied€by€widespread€destruction€and€misery.Ð X ÐThe€production€of€the€electricity€required€for€a€more€profitable€export€of€mineralÐ Ð  Ðresources€rendered€the€local€inhabitants€dependent€on€external€sources€of€food,€water,€etc,Ð ˜è Ðwhere€they€had€formerly€been€self„sufficient.€The€surface€of€the€lake€reflects€more€solarÐ ` ° Ðenergy€than€the€old€terrestrial€system.€As€a€consequence,€fish€production€is€lower€than€theÐ ( x Ðlost€production€of€plants€and€game.€Species€diversity€may€be€increased€by€naturalÐ ð @ Ðinvasion€and€artificial€introduction,€but€the€production€limits€of€the€system€can€not€beÐ ¸   Ðchanged.Ð € Ð  ÐÐ H ˜  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ `  Ð33.à 4 àBalon,€E.€K.,€S.€S.€Crawford€and€A.€Lelek€(1986).€€Fish€communities€of€the€upperÐ Ø(  ÐDanube€River€(Germany,€Austria)€prior€to€the€new€Rhein„Main„Donau€connection.Ð  ð  ÐEnvironmental€Biology€of€Fishes.€€ò ò15ó ó:243„271.Ð h¸  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓA€study€of€fish€communities€in€the€upper€Danube€was€carried€out€at€19€localitiesÐ øH  Ðin€1976€and€1984,€yielding€24€samples€with€over€23,000€specimens.€Forty„two€species€„€8Ð À Ðof€them€new€for€this€part€of€the€Danube€„€and€6€cyprinid€hybrids€were€identified.€TwoÐ ˆØ Ðdistinct€regions,€above€and€below€Ulm,€were€recognized€for€the€upper€Danube€on€theÐ P  Ðbasis€of€both€abiotic€(distance€from€source,€elevation,€river€gradient)€and€biotic€(speciesÐ h Ðrichness,€species€distribution)€characters€of€the€localities.€Nine€species€were€distributedÐ à0 Ðover€most€of€the€upper€Danube,€while€10€and€23€species€were€limited€mostly€to€theÐ ¨ø Ðupriver€and€downriver€sections,€respectively.€A€factor€analysis€of€ecomorphologicalÐ pÀ Ðattributes€for€28€dominant€species€revealed€a€generalist„specialist€pattern€among€theirÐ 8ˆ Ðswimming€behavior€and€feeding€modes.Ð P ÐÐ È ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ à Ð34.à 4 àBanarescu,€P.€M.€(1998).€€On€the€relations€between€hydrography€and€the€ranges€ofÐ X¨ Ðfreshwater€fish€species€and€subspecies.€Italian€Journal€of€Zoology.€€ò ò65ó ó:87„93.Ð  p Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓRanges€of€freshwater€fish€species€depend€on€river€basins.€However,€most€speciesÐ °  Ðare€confined€to€a€limited€area€of€a€basin.€Some€limited€distributions€are€determined€by€theÐ xÈ! Ðecology€of€the€species,€most€have€historical€grounds.€Many€species€are€endemic€to€aÐ @" Ðrestricted€area€of€a€river€basin€(e.g.,€7€in€the€River€Danube;€more€than€80€in€theÐ  X# ÐMississippi€river€basin).€Most€non„endemics€confined€to€a€sector€of€a€river€basin€also€liveÐ Ð $ Ðin€one€or€more€adjacent€basins.€Cases€are€known€of€conspecific€subspecies€inhabitingÐ ˜!è% Ðdistinct€areas€within€a€river€basin,€some€of€them€being€also€present€in€a€neighbouringÐ `"°& Ðbasin.€Restricted€distributions€are€determined€by€the€fact€that€river€captures€usuallyÐ (#x' Ðinvolve€tributaries,€not€the€main€rivers€and€the€inhabitants€of€the€upper€and€middleÐ ð#@( Ðreaches€of€the€river€do€not€disperse€through€the€lower€reaches.Ð ¸$ ) ÐÐ €%Ð * ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ H&˜!+ Ð35.à 4 àBanneheka,€S.€G.,€R.€D.€Routledge,€I.€C.€Guthrie€and€J.€C.€Woodey€(1995).€€EstimationÐ '`", Ðof€in„river€fish€passage€using€a€combination€of€transect€and€stationary€hydroacousticÐ Ø'(#- Ðsampling.€Canadian€Journal€of€Fisheries€and€Aquatic€Sciences.€€ò ò52ó ó:335„343.Ð  (ð#. Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓWe€describe€a€hydroacoustic€technique€that€uses€both€transect€and€stationaryÐ 0*€%0 Ðsampling€to€estimate€numbers€of€fish€migrating€in€a€river.€The€technique€includesÐ ø*H&1 Ðrefinements€and€additions€to€one€developed€by€the€International€Pacific€Salmon€FisheriesÐ À+'2 ÐCommission€to€estimate€sockeye€òòOncorhynchus€nerkaóó€and€pink€salmon€òòOncorhynchusÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðgorbuschaóó€migrations€in€the€Fraser€River.€The€estimator€is€independent€of€the€actualÐ P- (4 Ðshape€of€the€effective€acoustic€beam€and€the€distribution€of€target€strengths€when€theÐ ° Ðsame€hydroacoustic€equipment€and€settings€are€used€for€both€types€of€soundings.€Thus,Ð xÈ Ðthe€method€shares€with€the€duration„in„beam€method€the€advantages€that€equipmentÐ @ Ðcalibration€requirements€are€minimal€and€that€estimates€remain€valid€when€fish€sizes€varyÐ X Ðover€a€wide€range.€We€also€provide€formulae€for€the€variance€of€the€abundance€estimateÐ Ð  Ðand€illustrate€the€methods€with€example€calculations€of€daily€fish€passage€in€the€FraserÐ ˜è ÐRiver€at€Mission,€British€Columbia.€A€correction€procedure€is€proposed€to€compensateÐ ` ° Ðfor€bias€arising€from€violation€of€the€assumption€that€fish€speed€is€negligible€relative€toÐ ( x Ðboat€speed.Ð ð @ ÐÐ ¸   ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ € Ð  Ð36.à 4 àBaras,€E.,€H.€Lambert€and€J.€C.€Philippart€(1994).€€A€comprehensive€assessment€of€theÐ H ˜  Ðfailure€of€òòBarbus€barbusóó€spawning€migrations€through€a€fish€pass€in€the€canalized€RiverÐ `  ÐMeuse€(Belgium).€Aquatic€Living€Resources.€€ò ò7ó ó:181„189.Ð Ø(  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€paper€presents€a€comprehensive€study€of€the€impact€of€damming€on€theÐ h¸  Ðspawning€migrations€of€òòBarbus€barbusóó€in€the€canalized€River€Meuse€(Belgium).€A€DenilÐ 0€  Ðfish€pass€on€the€Ampsin„Neuville€dam€was€controlled€251€times€in€1989„1993.€The€mostÐ øH  Ðstriking€feature€is€the€almost€complete€absence€of€barbel.€Most€captures€of€barbel€in€theÐ À Ðfish€pass€in€1989€were€clumped€and€related€with€spawning€migrations.€The€variablesÐ ˆØ Ðinvolved€in€the€attractivity€condition€set€refer€indirectly€to€the€influence€of€waterÐ P  Ðcatchment€by€a€hydroelectric€plant€and€to€the€relative€importance€of€the€flow€in€the€pass.Ð h ÐThe€study€concludes€that€this€additional€condition€set€significantly€interfere€with€theÐ à0 Ðnatural€environmental€stimuli€triggering€spawning€migrations€in€barbel€and€questions€theÐ ¨ø Ðeffectiveness€of€the€thermally€related€reproductive€strategy€of€the€species.Ð pÀ ÐÐ 8ˆ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ P Ð37.à 4 àBarekyan,€A.€S.,€B.€S.€Malevanchik€and€M.€A.€Skorobogatov€(1988).€€Promising€designsÐ È Ðof€fishways.€Hydrotechnical€Construction.€€ò ò22ó ó:384„388.Ð à Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€designing€of€fishways€is€based€on€the€location€of€the€fishway€in€the€systemÐ  p Ðof€hydrologic€development€and€optimization€of€the€hydraulic€regimes€in€various€zones:€inÐ è8 Ðthe€fishway,€in€the€fish€attraction€zone€in€the€lower€pool€of€the€hydrologic€development,Ð °  Ðin€the€fish€release€zone€in€the€upper€pool,€etc.€The€effectiveness€of€a€fishway€largelyÐ xÈ! Ðdepends€on€its€design€and€on€the€technological€scheme€of€passage€of€the€fish€to€spawningÐ @" Ðgrounds.€To€eliminate€negative€aspects€of€the€operation€of€existing€fishways,€research€andÐ  X# Ðdevelopment€studies€were€carried€out€to€develop€new€promising€designs€andÐ Ð $ Ðtechnological€schemes€of€attracting,€holding,€and€conveying€spawners€from€the€lower€toÐ ˜!è% Ðthe€upper€pool€of€a€hydrologic€development.€The€realization€of€these€designs€will€make€itÐ `"°& Ðpossible€to€increase€the€number€of€fishes€being€passed€to€spawning€grounds,€to€reduceÐ (#x' Ðinjury€during€their€conveyance€from€the€lower€to€the€upper€pool,€and€to€reduce€theÐ ð#@( Ðnumber€of€downstream€migrants€that€pass€into€the€upper€pool.€The€main€group€ofÐ ¸$ ) Ðdevelopments€is€aimed€at€increasing€the€duration€of€active€attraction€of€fishes,€i.e.,Ð €%Ð * Ðattraction€at€speeds€close€to€the€optimal,€by€changing€the€technology€of€releasing€fish€intoÐ H&˜!+ Ðthe€upper€pool.€One€of€the€possible€ways€of€increasing€the€productivity€of€a€fishway€is€toÐ '`", Ðcontinuously€attract€fish€with€a€constant€current€speed€at€the€exit€of€the€fish„holdingÐ Ø'(#- Ðchute.€Also€effective€is€to€replace€the€exiting€stimulating€devices€with€netting€requiring€aÐ  (ð#. Ðreduction€of€the€current€speed€in€the€fish„holding€chutes€during€its€movement€by€devicesÐ h)¸$/ Ðusing€an€electrical€field€for€fish€stimulation.€Use€of€these€fishway€designs€will€make€itÐ 0*€%0 Ðpossible€to€increase€the€passage€of€spawners€to€spawning€grounds€and€thereby€to€increaseÐ ø*H&1 Ðthe€number€of€valuable€commercial€fish€species€in€inland€water€bodies.Ð À+'2 ÐÐ ˆ,Ø'3 ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ P- (4 Ð38.à 4 àBarinaga,€M.€(1996).€€A€recipe€for€river€recovery?€Science.€€ò ò273ó ó:1648„1650.Ð ° Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€author€outlines€contemporary€approaches€to€river€recovery€that€are€moreÐ @ Ðholistic€in€nature€than€previous€management€initiatives;€namely€the€restoration€of€theÐ X Ðphysical€processes€that€shape€a€river's€habitats.€€This€contemporary€managementÐ Ð  Ðapproached€is€guided€by€major€advances€in€river€ecology€and€theoretical€concepts.€Ð ˜è ÐHowever,€the€author€also€highlights€that€political€issues€may€limit€its€application.€Ð ` ° ÐPolitical€roadblocks€to€river€restoration€are€especially€acute€in€regions€of€the€UnitedÐ ( x ÐStates€experiencing€water€shortages.€€€Competing€water€demands€among€agriculture,Ð ð @ Ðindustry,€and€municipalities€create€a€charged€political€environment€in€which€to€attemptÐ ¸   Ðlarge„scale€river€restoration.Ð € Ð  ÐÐ H ˜  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ `  Ð39.à 4 àBarry,€T.€and€B.€Kynard€(1986).€€Attraction€of€adult€American€shad€to€fish€lifts€atÐ Ø(  ÐHolyoke€Dam,€Connecticut€River.€North€American€Journal€of€Fisheries€Management.€Ð  ð  Ðò ò6ó ó:233„241.Ð h¸  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€movements€of€18€radio„tagged€American€shad€(òòAlosa€sappidissimaóó)€wereÐ øH  Ðstudied€in€1980€and€1981€as€they€attempted€to€locate€the€upstream€fish€collectionÐ À Ðfacilities€of€two€fish€lifts€at€Holyoke€Dam€on€the€Connecticut€River€in€Massachusetts.€Ð ˆØ ÐNine€fish€(50%)€were€passed€by€the€lifts€during€the€2€years€and,€in€1980,€the€efficiency€ofÐ P  Ðthe€tailrace€lift€was€estimated€at€42%.€€The€mean€delay€time€of€the€seven€fish€passed€byÐ h Ðthe€tailrace€lift€during€the€two€years€was€3.3€d€(range€2„5€d);€the€delay€of€the€two€fishÐ à0 Ðpassed€by€the€spillway€lift€in€1981€was€6€and€7€d.€€Fish€were€repelled€by€the€turbulenceÐ ¨ø Ðcaused€by€the€turbine€discharge€into€the€head€of€the€tailrace€and€only€entered€the€vicinityÐ pÀ Ðof€the€tailrace€lift€during€55%€of€all€upstream€trips€in€1980€and€67%€of€the€trips€in€1981.€Ð 8ˆ ÐDuring€high€river€flows,€fish€were€attracted€to€the€spillage€over€the€dam,€not€the€flowÐ P Ðfrom€the€tailrace.€€The€inefficiency€of€either€lift€to€pass€early€migrating€American€shadÐ È Ðand€of€the€tailrace€lift€to€pass€fish€efficiently€at€any€time€may€limit€upstream€passageÐ à Ðduring€some€years.€€The€situation€at€Holyoke€Dam,€together€with€similar€problems€atÐ X¨ Ðother€upstream€dams,€prevents€many€fish€from€reaching€the€historical€upstream€limits€ofÐ  p Ðtheir€range€and€creates€a€poor€or,€at€best,€and€unpredictable€sport€fishery€upstream.Ð è8 ÐÐ °  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ xÈ! Ð40.à 4 àBarthem,€R.€B.,€M.€C.€L.€B€Ribeiro€and€M.€Petrere€(1991).€€Life€strategies€of€some€long„Ð @" Ðdistance€migratory€catfish€in€relation€to€hydroelectric€dams€in€the€Amazon€Basin.Ð  X# ÐBiological€Conservation.€€ò ò55ó ó:339„345.Ð Ð $ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓResults€of€sampling€from€1982€to€1989€indicated€that€the€long„distance€migratoryÐ `"°& Ðcatfish€òòBrachyplatystoma€filamentosumóó,€òòB.€flavicansóó,€òòB.€vaillantiióó,€òòGoslinia€platynemaóó,Ð (#x' Ðand€òòLithodoras€dorsalisóó€spawn€in€the€headstreams€of€the€Amazon€River€and€its€tributariesÐ ð#@( Ðand€that€the€estuary€of€the€Amazon€is€the€main€nursery€ground€utilized€by€their€alevins.Ð ¸$ ) ÐHydroelectric€dams€are€a€potential€threat€to€these€fish,€interrupting€the€downstreamÐ €%Ð * Ðmovement€of€catfish€eggs€or€young€(provided€they€do€spawn€in€the€upper€tributaries)€orÐ H&˜!+ Ðobstructing€the€upstream€migrations€that€annually€restore€catfish€stocks€upriver.€TheÐ '`", Ðsynergistic€effects€of€flood€control€over€the€entire€basin€may€also€harm€the€species,€sinceÐ Ø'(#- Ðtheir€hydrological€requirements€are€drastically€modified.€The€only€hope€for€preservingÐ  (ð#. Ðmigratory€catfish€stocks€above€the€dams€will€be€for€them€to€spawn€upstream€from€theÐ h)¸$/ Ðreservoirs€if€their€pre„recruits€manage€to€survive€in€floodplains€outside€the€estuary.Ð 0*€%0 ÐOtherwise,€artificial€measures€such€as€fish€ladders€or€side€channels€would€have€to€beÐ ø*H&1 Ðemployed.€Stocking€could€also€be€tried,€producing€the€alevins€in€fish€culture€stations,€orÐ À+'2 Ðby€transporting€mature€individuals€when€they€stop€below€the€barrage€during€theirÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðupstream€migrations.Ð P- (4 Ð‡Ó ¨ýXÓÐ ° Ð41.à 4 àBates,€K.€(1991).€Pool„and„chute€fishways.€Pages€€268„277€òòinóó€J.€Colt€and€R.€J.€White,Ð xÈ Ðeds.€Fisheries€Bioengineering€Symposium,€Bethesda,€Maryland€(USA),€AmericanÐ @ ÐFisheries€Society€Bioengineering€Section.Ð X Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€pool„and„chute€fishway€is€an€economical€means€of€providing€fish€passageÐ ˜è Ðover€constructed€barriers.€Pool„and„chute€fishways€resemble€pool„and„weir€fishways€atÐ ` ° Ðlow€flows€and€become€baffled€chutes€at€moderate€to€high€flows.€The€economy€of€theÐ ( x Ðconcept€is€achieved€by€exceeding€the€usual€criteria€of€fishway€pool€volume€based€onÐ ð @ Ðenergy€dissipation€in€each€pool.€The€size€and€complexity€of€the€structure€are€thusÐ ¸   Ðreduced.€Design€guidelines€covering€appropriate€application€and€geometry€ensureÐ € Ð  Ðhydraulic€conditions€that€allow€fish€passage.€Cost€comparisons€based€on€actual€andÐ H ˜  Ðestimated€construction€costs€of€pool„and„chute€and€other€styles€of€fishways€verify€theÐ `  Ðeconomic€benefit€of€the€concept.Ð Ø(  ÐÐ  ð  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ h¸  Ð42.à 4 àBaxter,€R.€M.€(1977).€€Environmental€effects€of€dams€and€impoundments.€AnnualÐ 0€  ÐReview€of€Ecology€and€Systematics.€€ò ò8ó ó:255„183.Ð øH  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€morphology€and€physical€and€chemical€limnology€of€man„made€lakes,€theÐ ˆØ Ðbiology€of€reservoir€ecosystems€and€the€downstream€and€other€effects€of€impoundmentsÐ P  Ðare€discussed.€Reservoirs€are€probably€best€regarded€as€a€distinct€type€of€freshwaterÐ h Ðecosystem€distinct€from€both€streams€and€lakes.€Because€they€are€frequently€built€onÐ à0 Ðstreams€carrying€a€heavy€sediment€load,€the€deposition€and€distribution€of€this€material€isÐ ¨ø Ðoften€more€important€than€in€natural€lakes.€Therefore€constraints€on€the€nature€of€theÐ pÀ Ðdeveloping€biological€community€are€imposed€when€a€new€reservoir€is€constructed.€TheÐ 8ˆ Ðenvironmental€changes€below€a€dam€may€be€as€dramatic€as€those€above€it.€The€effects€ofÐ P Ðfuture€tropical€impoundments€should€be€predictable€on€the€basis€of€the€first€great€AfricanÐ È Ðimpoundments.€The€development€of€reservoirs€in€temperate€regions€occurred€moreÐ à Ðgradually€and€due€to€this€and€the€lower€rate€of€biological€processes,€the€effects€were€lessÐ X¨ Ðdramatic€than€in€the€tropics.€Large„scale€surprises€are€not€expected€from€future€temperateÐ  p Ðregion€impoundment.€However,€much€remains€to€be€learned€of€the€importance€to€man€atÐ è8 Ða€more€detailed€scale,€such€as€the€effects€on€the€fur€bearing€animals€in€the€area,€or€onÐ °  Ðresources€such€as€salmon.Ð xÈ! ÐÐ @" ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ  X# Ð43.à 4 àBayley,€P.€B.€(1995).€€Understanding€large€river„floodplain€ecosystems.€BioScience.€Ð Ð $ Ðò ò45ó ó:152„158.Ð ˜!è% Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓSignificant€economic€advantages€and€increased€biodiversity€and€stability€wouldÐ (#x' Ðresult€from€restoration€of€impaired€systems.€€Funding€for€experimental€restoration€andÐ ð#@( Ðevaluation€should€take€priority€over€ecological€research€on€severely€impaired€ecosystems.Ð ¸$ ) ÐÐ €%Ð * ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ H&˜!+ Ð44.à 4 àBeach,€M.€H.€(1984).€€Fish€pass€design€„€criteria€for€the€design€and€approval€of€fishÐ '`", Ðpasses€and€other€structures€to€facilitate€the€passage€of€migratory€fish€in€rivers.€FisheriesÐ Ø'(#- ÐResearch€Technical€Report.€€ò ò46ó ó:1„47.Ð  (ð#. Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€report€explains€in€simple€terms€how€the€fish€and€water€control€requirementsÐ 0*€%0 Ðcan€be€reconciled€and€proposes€design€criteria€to€enable€fish€to€negotiate€structures€suchÐ ø*H&1 Ðas€sluice€gates,€weirs€and€fish€passes.€€It€also€explains€the€Ministry's€legal€position€withÐ À+'2 Ðregard€to€obstructions€in€migratory€fish€rivers€and€gives€examples€of€the€proceduresÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðnecessary€to€obtain€approval€for€satisfactory€structures.€€The€information€on€fishÐ P- (4 Ðswimming€speeds€and€endurance€and€the€relation€of€three€parameters€to€water€controlÐ ° Ðstructures€and€fish€passes€is€essential€to€the€effective€management€of€migratory€fish€in€ourÐ xÈ Ðrivers.Ð @ ÐÐ X ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ Ð  Ð45.à 4 àBeamesderfer,€R.€C.€P.,€T.€A.€Rien€and€A.€A.€Nigro€(1995).€€Differences€in€the€dynamicsÐ ˜è Ðand€potential€production€of€impounded€and€unimpounded€white€sturgeon€populations€inÐ ` ° Ðthe€lower€Columbia€River.€Transactions€of€the€American€Fisheries€Society.€€ò ò124ó ó:857„872.Ð ( x Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓWhite€sturgeons€òòAcipenser€transmontanusóó€were€sampled€in€three€lowerÐ ¸   ÐColumbia€River€reservoirs€from€1987€to€1991€to€describe€population€dynamics,€theÐ € Ð  Ðability€of€these€stocks€to€sustain€harvest,€and€differences€among€reservoir€andÐ H ˜  Ðunimpounded€populations.€Significant€differences€were€observed€among€reservoirs€inÐ `  Ðwhite€sturgeon€abundance,€biomass,€size€composition,€sex€ratio,€size€of€females€atÐ Ø(  Ðmaturity,€growth€rate,€condition€factor,€and€rate€of€exploitation.€No€differences€amongÐ  ð  Ðreservoirs€were€detected€in€fecundity,€natural€mortality€rate,€or€longevity,€in€part€becauseÐ h¸  Ðof€sampling€difficulties.€Recruitment€rates€and€densities€in€reservoirs€were€inverselyÐ 0€  Ðcorrelated€with€growth€rate,€condition€factor,€and€size€of€females€at€maturity.€DifferencesÐ øH  Ðin€population€dynamics€resulted€in€substantial€differences€in€sustainable€yields.Ð À ÐMaximum€yields€per€recruit€were€predicted€at€annual€exploitation€rates€between€5€andÐ ˆØ Ð15%.€Most€characteristics€of€reservoir€populations€were€less€than€or€equal€to€optimaÐ P  Ðreported€for€the€unimpounded€lower€river;€as€a€result,€yield€per€recruit,€reproductiveÐ h Ðpotential€per€recruit,€and€the€number€of€recruits€were€less€in€reservoirs€than€in€theÐ à0 Ðunimpounded€river.€Comparisons€with€pristine€standing€stocks€suggest€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðunimpounded€river€may€approximate€preimpoundment€conditions€for€white€sturgeon.€WeÐ pÀ Ðconclude€that€potential€yield€from€impounded€populations€has€been€reduced€by€damÐ 8ˆ Ðconstruction,€which€restricts€populations€to€river€segments€that€may€not€includeÐ P Ðconditions€optimal€for€all€life€stages.€Alternatives€for€enhancement€of€reservoirÐ È Ðpopulations€might€include€improved€passage€at€dams,€increased€spring€flow€to€improveÐ à Ðspawning€success,€transplants€from€productive€populations,€hatchery€supplementation,Ð X¨ Ðand€more€intensive€harvest€management.Ð  p ÐÐ è8 ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ °  Ðòò46.óóà 4 àBeamish,€F.€W.€H.€(1978).€€Swimming€capacity.€Pages€€101„187€òòinóó€€W.€S.€Hoar€and€D.€J.Ð xÈ! ÐRandall,€eds.€Fish€physiology,€Academic€Press,€New€York,€New€York€(USA).Ð @" Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€book€chapter€presents€a€physiological€account€of€swimming€capacity€inÐ Ð $ Ðfishes.€€As€such,€it€describes€both€field€and€laboratory€methods€for€determiningÐ ˜!è% Ðswimming€capacity,€paying€particular€attention€to€biological€and€environmentalÐ `"°& Ðconstraints€on€physiological€processes€responsible€for€defining€species„specificÐ (#x' Ðswimming€capacities.€€In€addition,€an€account€is€provided€the€energetics€of€swimming€inÐ ð#@( Ðfishes.€€Numerous€tables,€containing€species„specific€swimming€performanceÐ ¸$ ) Ðinformation,€are€presented€along€with€citations€to€the€original€research€conducted€toÐ €%Ð * Ðdetermine€swimming€preformance.€€Finally,€a€discussion€of€the€application€€of€swimmingÐ H&˜!+ Ðperformance€data€to€management€practices€concludes€the€chapter.Ð '`", ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ Ø'(#- ÐÐ  (ð#. Ðòò47.óóà 4 àBecker,€G.€C.€(1983).€€Fishes€of€Wisconsin.€University€of€Wisconsin€Press,€Madison,Ð h)¸$/ ÐWisconsin€(USA).Ð 0*€%0 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€book€is€a€classical€text€on€the€fishes€endemic€to€Wisconsin€waters.€€In€it,Ð À+'2 ÐBecker€discusses€the€biogeologic€history€of€Wisconsin€waters€as€well€as€stresses€onÐ ˆ,Ø'3 ÐWisconsin€freshwater€systems€at€the€time€of€publishing.€€Background€on€the€managementÐ P- (4 Ðof€Wisconsin€fisheries€is€provided,€including€discussion€on€limnological€studies,€fishÐ ° Ðculture€and€stocking,€fish€rescue€and€transfer,€fishkills,€demands€on€the€fishery€resources,Ð xÈ Ðtrends€in€management,€nongame€fishes,€exotic€introductions,€and€endangered€orÐ @ Ðextirpated€species.€€Additional€information€includes€a€key€to€Wisconsin€fishes,€a€briefÐ X Ðaccount€of€fish€parasites€in€Wisconsin€waters,€and€detailed€species€accounts€that€includeÐ Ð  Ðamong€many€things€distributional€maps.Ð ˜è ÐÐ ` ° ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ( x Ð48.à 4 àBehlke,€C.€E.€(1987).€Hydraulic€relationships€between€swimming€fish€and€water€flowingÐ ð @ Ðin€culverts.€Pages€€112„132€òòinóó€D.€W.€Smith€and€T.€Tilsworth,€eds.€Proceedings€of€theÐ ¸   ÐCold€Regions€Environmental€Engineering€Conference,€Edmonton,€Alberta€(Canada),Ð € Ð  ÐUniversity€of€Alberta,€Department€of€Civil€Engineering.Ð H ˜  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓProper€passage€of€fish€through€culverts€is€an€important€element€of€design€ofÐ Ø(  Ðhighways,€railroads€and€pipelines€for€the€North.€€Though€several€investigators€haveÐ  ð  Ðattempted€to€define€swimming€capabilites€of€fish,€it€does€not€appear€that€the€swimmingÐ h¸  Ðrequirements€for€fish€to€pass€through€culverts€and€other€fish€passage€structures€have€beenÐ 0€  Ðproperly€analyzed€and€defined.€€This€paper€defines€and€analyzes€the€forces€which€fish€areÐ øH  Ðconfronted€with€in€entering€and€passing€through€barrels€of€sloping€culverts€flowing€fullÐ À Ðand€as€open€channels.Ð ˆØ ÐÐ P  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ h Ð49.à 4 àBehlke,€C.€E.€(1991).€Power€and€energy€implications€of€passage€structures€for€fish.€Pages€Ð à0 Ð289„298€òòinóó€J.€Colt€and€R.€J.€White,€eds.€Fisheries€Bioengineering€Symposium,€Bethesda,Ð ¨ø ÐMaryland€(USA),€American€Fisheries€Society.Ð pÀ Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓFluid€mechanic€equations€are€used€to€show€effects€of€virtual€mass€force,€non„Ð P ÐArchimedean€buoyant€force,€and€profile€drag€force€on€fish€in€several€fish€passageÐ È Ðstructures.€Example€problems€are€worked€to€show€computational€procedures€forÐ à Ðcalculating€net€propulsive€force,€net€power,€and€net€energy€necessary€for€fish€to€swim€in€aÐ X¨ Ðlake,€up€a€steep€chute,€and€through€the€outlet,€barrel,€and€inlet€of€a€culvert.Ð  p ÐÐ è8 ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ °  Ð50.à 4 àBehlke,€C.€E.,€D.€L.€Kane,€R.€F.€McLean€and€M.€D.€Travis€(1993).€€Fundamentals€ofÐ xÈ! Ðculvert€design€for€passage€of€weak„swimming€fish.€Alaska€Department€of€TransportationÐ @" Ðand€Public€Facilities,€Report€FH€WA„AK„RD„90„10.Ð  X# Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€manual€presents€design€procedures€to€pass€upstream„migrating,€weak„Ð ˜!è% Ðswimming€fish.€€The€manual€also€displays€criteria€for€retrofitting€existing€culverts.Ð `"°& ÐÐ (#x' ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ ð#@( Ð51.à 4 àBelaud,€A.,€R.€Labat,€D.€Trivellato€and€G.€Tison€(1987).€[Hydraulic€and€ichthyologicalÐ ¸$ ) Ðexperiments€with€an€automatic€trapping€system€for€migrating€fish€at€Golfech].€Pages€€73„Ð €%Ð * Ð80€òòinóó€€Definition€and€Efficiency€Control€of€Fishways,€Paris€(France),€de€la€SocieteÐ H&˜!+ ÐHydrotechnique€de€France€et€l'Agence€de€Bassin€Loire„Bretagne.Ð '`", Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓPrevious€studies€relating€to€the€frequent€visits€of€migrating€fish€in€the€outlet€ofÐ  (ð#. Ðthe€Golfech€complex€have€illustrated€the€need€to€build€an€automatic€crossing€device.€ToÐ h)¸$/ Ðproduce€a€current€which€would€attract€fish,€experiments€on€a€reduced€model€have€beenÐ 0*€%0 Ðfirstly€carried€out€and€are€intended€to€define€(installation,€flowrate,€speed€and€swell)Ð ø*H&1 Ðcharacteristics€of€the€improvements€required.€After€the€partial€completion€of€theÐ À+'2 Ðautomatic€trap,€the€1985€migration€season€has€proved€how€efficient€the€system€is€forÐ ˆ,Ø'3 ÐSalmonoidea€and€for€Alosa€during€the€peak€migration€period.€As€regards€smallerÐ P- (4 Ðaffluxes,€the€jet€remains€attractive€but€the€speed€needs€to€be€increased€inside€the€passageÐ ° Ðof€storage€tanks€in€order€to€drive€the€alosa€into€the€trap.Ð xÈ ÐÐ @ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ X Ðòò52.óóà 4 àBell,€M.€C.€(1973).€€Fisheries€handbook€of€engineering€requirements€and€biologicalÐ Ð  Ðcriteria.€U.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineers,€North€Pacific€Division,€Portland,€Oregon€(USA).Ð ˜è Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€report€covers€all€aspects€of€fish€behavior€and€passage€through€and€aroundÐ ( x Ðobsructions€encountered€during€movements€and€migrations,€man„made€or€natural.€€ThisÐ ð @ Ðreport€is€widely€considered€the€first€full€and€detailed€account€of€fish€passage€issues,€fishÐ ¸   Ðbehavior€at€obstructions,€and€engineering€and€mitigating€measures.Ð € Ð  ÐÐ H ˜  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ `  Ðòò53.óóà 4 àBell,€M.€C.€(1986).€€Fisheries€handbook€of€engineering€requirements€and€biologicalÐ Ø(  Ðcriteria.€U.S.€Army€Corps€of€Engineers,€North€Pacific€Division,€Fish€PassageÐ  ð  ÐDevelopment€and€Evaluation€Program€Report€.Ð h¸  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€report€covers€both€fish€facility€design€problems€and€the€operation€of€fishÐ øH  Ðfacilities.€Chapters€on€swimming€speeds,€spawning€criteria,€and€food€and€oxygenÐ À Ðrequirement€for€several€species€of€fish€are€included.€The€effects€of€temperature,€waterÐ ˆØ Ðquality,€silt€and€turbidity€on€fish€are€discussed.€The€toxicity€on€fish€of€elements€andÐ P  Ðcompounds,€including€metals,€plastics,€pesticides,€and€herbicides€are€reviewed.Ð h ÐHatcheries,€rearing€ponds€and€fish€pumps€are€described.€The€subjects€of€fish€behavior€andÐ à0 Ðdiseases€are€addressed.€Fishway€structures€at€natural€obstructions€and€dams€are€examined,Ð ¨ø Ðas€is€the€related€subject€of€artificial€guidance€of€fish.Ð pÀ ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ 8ˆ ÐÐ P Ð54.à 4 àBellariva,€J.€L.€and€A.€Belaud€(1998).€€Environmental€factors€influencing€the€passage€ofÐ È ÐAllice€shad€òòAlosa€alosaóó€at€the€Golfech€Fish€Lift€on€the€Garonne€River,€France.€Pages€Ð à Ð171„179€òòinóó€€M.€Jungwirth,€S.€Schmutz€and€S.€Weiss,€eds.€Fish€Migration€and€FishÐ X¨ ÐBypasses,€Fishing€News€Books,€Vienna€(Austria).Ð  p Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓSince€1973,€the€operation€of€the€hydropower€facility€Malause„Golfech€on€theÐ °  ÐGaronne€River€(south„west€France)€has€prevented€allice€shad€òòAlosa€alosaóó€from€accessingÐ xÈ! Ðupstream€spawning€grounds,€thus€endangering€the€population€(Cassou„Leins€&€Cassou„Ð @" ÐLeins,€1981).€From€1981€to€1986,€allice€shad€were€captured€just€downstream€of€theÐ  X# Ðpower€plant€during€their€spawning€migration€and€manually€carried€and€released€above€theÐ Ð $ Ðweir.€These€measures€resulted€in€significant€population€increases€and€led€to€the€designÐ ˜!è% Ðand€installation€of€a€fish€lift€near€the€power€plant,€which€began€operating€in€1987.€SinceÐ `"°& Ð1981,€data€on€both€environmental€factors€and€fish€passage€have€been€recorded€daily.Ð (#x' ÐFrom€1987€to€1991€and€in€1993,€peak€migration€occurred€in€June.€In€1992,€1994€andÐ ð#@( Ð1995€peak€migration€occurred€in€May.€In€1994€and€1995€the€earlier€appearance€of€alliceÐ ¸$ ) Ðshad€at€the€Golfech€passage€facility€was€due€to€the€disappearance€of€an€old€dam€whichÐ €%Ð * Ðwas€a€brake€for€the€migration.€There€was€a€significant€correlation€between€daily€shadÐ H&˜!+ Ðpassage€and€water€temperature.€The€Golfech€fish€lift€provides€the€means€to€quantitativelyÐ '`", Ðcontrol€the€allice€shad€migration.Ð Ø'(#- ÐÐ  (ð#. ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ h)¸$/ Ð55.à 4 àBemis,€W.€E.,€V.€J.€Birstein€and€J.€R.€Waldman€(1997).€€Sturgeon€biodiversity€andÐ 0*€%0 Ðconservation:€An€introduction.€Environmental€Biology€of€Fishes.€€ò ò48ó ó:13„14.Ð ø*H&1 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThis€volume€includes€many€of€the€papers€presented€at€the€internationalÐ ˆ,Ø'3 ÐConference€on€Sturgeon€Biodiversity€and€Conservation€which€took€place€at€TheÐ P- (4 ÐAmerican€Museum€of€Natural€History€(AMNH),€New€York,€on€28„30€July€1994.€TheÐ ° Ðmain€goal€of€the€conference€was€to€attract€attention€to€sturgeons€and€paddlefishes,€stillÐ xÈ Ðthe€most€speciose€group€of€'living€fossil'€fishes,€but€now€fast€disappearing€from€our€planetÐ @ Ð(Birstein€1993,€Bemis€and€Findeis€1994,€Waldman€1995).€Some€presentations€at€theÐ X Ðconference€described€basic€aspects€of€acipenseriform€biology,€including€evolution,Ð Ð  Ðgenetics,€and€life€cycles.€Others€focused€on€the€contemporary€status€of€a€particularÐ ˜è Ðspecies€or€a€few€species€inhabiting€the€same€basin€or€region;€most€of€these€contributionsÐ ` ° Ðalso€addressed€ongoing€conservation€efforts.€Still€other€speakers€examined€currentÐ ( x Ðcontroversies€at€the€interface€between€science€and€society,€bringing€information€from€aÐ ð @ Ðvariety€of€sources€to€enrich€our€meeting.€These€three€approaches€are€reflected€by€theÐ ¸   Ðthree€part€organization€of€this€volume:€part€1,€Diversity€and€evolution;€Part€2,€BiologyÐ € Ð  Ðand€status€reports;€and€Part€3,€Controversies,€conservation€and€summary.€We€hope€thatÐ H ˜  Ðthe€included€papers€offer€a€broad€perspective€about€contemporary€work€on€the€phylogenyÐ `  Ðof€Acipenseriformes,€as€well€as€a€review€of€the€worldwide€status€of€almost€all€of€theÐ Ø(  Ðspecies€constituting€this€order.Ð  ð  ÐÐ h¸  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ 0€  Ð56.à 4 àBemis,€W.€E.€and€B.€Kynard€(1997).€€Sturgeon€rivers:€An€introduction€to€acipenseriformÐ øH  Ðbiogeography€and€life€history.€Environmental€Biology€of€Fishes.€€ò ò48ó ó:167„183.Ð À Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓWe€present€an€overview€of€the€global€distribution€of€all€27€living€species€ofÐ P  ÐAcipenseriformes€in€an€attempt€to€understand€their€biogeographic€history€and€the€rangeÐ h Ðof€life€history€patterns€displayed€by€different€species.€Our€biogeographic€analysis€(basedÐ à0 Ðon€the€most€recent€phylogenetic€analysis€including€fossil€Acipenseriformes)€suggests€thatÐ ¨ø ÐAcipenseriformes€originated€in€Europe,€and€that€early€diversification€took€place€in€Asia.Ð pÀ ÐAcipenseriformes€do€not€have€a€common€life€history;€variation€within€and€betweenÐ 8ˆ Ðspecies€is€the€rule€rather€than€the€exception.€The€few€relatively€well„known€case€studiesÐ P Ð(e.g.€Caspian€Sea€sturgeons,€European€Atlantic€sturgeons€in€the€Gironde€system,€andÐ È Ðshortnose€and€North€American€Atlantic€sturgeons€in€rivers€of€the€east€coast€of€America)Ð à Ðgreatly€influence€what€we€think€we€know€about€sturgeon€biology.€Our€present€level€ofÐ X¨ Ðphylogenetic€understanding€does€not€allow€us€to€determine€whether€anadromy€orÐ  p Ðpotamodromy€is€the€plesiomorphic€life€history€pattern€for€Acipenseriformes.€We€proposeÐ è8 Ðthat€rivers€in€which€spawning€occurs€must€be€the€central€unit€for€biogeographic€analysisÐ °  Ðof€living€Acipenseriformes.€After€mapping€these€rivers,€we€recognized€nineÐ xÈ! Ðbiogeographic€provinces€for€acipenseriforms.€Some€repeated€historical€patterns€emergeÐ @" Ðfrom€this€analysis,€but,€again,€we€are€limited€by€our€current€understanding€ofÐ  X# Ðphylogenetic€relationships€within€the€genus€Acipenser€in€particular.€Distribution€andÐ Ð $ Ðbiogeographic€data€are€central€to€deciding€where€to€make€new€efforts€to€update€existingÐ ˜!è% Ðstatus€information€for€acipenseriform€species.€We€single€out€a€widely€ranging€and€highlyÐ `"°& Ðvariable€species,€Acipenserruthenus,€as€particularly€intriguing,€for€it€spans€three€of€ourÐ (#x' Ðnine€biogeographic€provinces,€and€apparently€has€different€life€history€patterns€inÐ ð#@( Ðdifferent€river€systems.€Finally,€we€note€new€areas€in€need€of€basic€research,€particularlyÐ ¸$ ) Ðthe€need€for€more€detailed€descriptions€and€analyses€of€life€histories€of€differentÐ €%Ð * Ðpopulations€of€sturgeons.Ð H&˜!+ ÐÐ '`", ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ Ø'(#- Ð57.à 4 àBender,€M.€J.,€C.€Katopodis€and€S.€P.€Simonovic€(1992).€A€prototype€expert€system€forÐ  (ð#. Ðfishway€design.€Pages€€115„127€òòinóó€A.€H.€El„Shaarawi€and€D.€C.€L.€Lam,€eds.€ExpertÐ h)¸$/ Ðsystems€and€statistical€methods€in€water€resources,€Burlington,€Ontario€(Canada),Ð 0*€%0 ÐEnvironmental€Monitoring€and€Assessment.Ð ø*H&1 Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓThe€design€of€structures€for€fish€passage€in€rivers€and€streams€provides€anÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðopportunity€to€apply€expert€system€concepts€to€a€design€problem.€Fishways€contribute€toÐ P- (4 Ðthe€sustainable€development€of€water€resources€projects€by€providing€a€path€that€allowsÐ ° Ðfish€migrations€to€be€maintained.€A€prototype€expert€system€(FDES)€has€been€developedÐ xÈ Ðto€recommend€the€most€suitable€fishway€type€for€given€design€conditions.€AÐ @ Ðrecommendation€is€provided€on€the€basis€of€fishway€hydraulics,€fish€passageÐ X Ðperformance,€and€cost€requirements.€Fishway€design€demands€expertise€in€variousÐ Ð  Ðscientific€disciplines€such€as€hydrology,€hydraulics,€and€fish€biology.€Expert€systemÐ ˜è Ðtechnology€may€be€used€to€reduce€design€time€requirements€and€to€serve€as€a€teaching€aidÐ ` ° Ðto€inexperienced€engineers€by€organizing€and€accessing€the€cumulative€knowledge€of€theÐ ( x Ðmost€experienced€designers.€The€rule„based€expert€system€development€tool,€VP„Expert,Ð ð @ Ðsupplies€the€backward€chaining€control€structure€for€accessing€the€knowledge€within€theÐ ¸   Ðprototype.Ð € Ð  ÐÐ H ˜  ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ `  Ð58.à 4 àBenke,€A.€C.,€C.€A.€S.€Hall,€C.€P.€Hawkins,€R.€H.€Lowe„McConnell,€J.€A.€Standford,€K.Ð Ø(  ÐSuberkropp€and€J.€V.€Ward€(1988).€€Bioenergetic€considerations€in€the€analysis€of€streamÐ  ð  Ðecosystems.€Journal€of€the€North€American€Benthological€Society.€€ò ò7ó ó:480„502.Ð h¸  Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMost€bioenergetics€studies€to€date€have€been€descriptive,€and€there€is€a€majorÐ øH  Ðneed€to€study€those€abiotic€and€biotic€factors€which€control€bioenergetics€in€streamsÐ À Ðacross€biomes€and€latitudes.€The€importance€of€floodplains€and€the€role€of€dissolvedÐ ˆØ Ðorganic€matter€have€not€been€adequately€incorporated€into€our€understanding€of€streamÐ P  Ðbioenergetics.€We€need€to€determine€if€some€generally€applicable€organismal„Ð h Ðenvironmental€relationships€can€be€used€to€predict€energetic€characteristics€acrossÐ à0 Ðstreams.€Major€new€initiatives€are€required€to€answer€some€of€the€larger€scale€questions.Ð ¨ø ÐSeveral€approaches€are€possible:€(1)€synoptic€analysis€of€multiple€streams€to€compareÐ pÀ Ðwithin„region€variance€with€between„region€variance,€(2)€experimental€manipulation€ofÐ 8ˆ Ðentire€streams€or€their€catchments€to€test€factors€that€control€bioenergetics,€(3)€the€use€ofÐ P Ðbatteries€of€experimental€streams€to€help€isolate€cause„effect€relationships,€and€(4)€theÐ È Ðfurther€development€of€computer€models€that€incorporate€abiotic€forcings€andÐ à Ðbioenergetics.€(DBO)Ð X¨ ÐÐ  p ÐÓ ¨ýXÓÐ è8 Ð59.à 4 àBenstead,€J.€P.,€J.€G.€March,€C.€M.€Pringle€and€F.€N.€Scatena€(1999).€€Effects€of€a€low„Ð °  Ðhead€dam€and€water€abstraction€on€migratory€tropical€stream€biota.€EcologicalÐ xÈ! ÐApplications.€€ò ò9ó ó:656„668.Ð @" Ðà 4 àÌÓ X¨ýÓMigration€of€large„bodied€"macroconsumers"€(e.g.,€fishes,€shrimps,€and€snails)€isÐ Ð $ Ðan€important€functional€linkage€between€many€tropical€rivers€and€their€estuaries.Ð ˜!è% ÐIncreasingly,€this€linkage€is€being€severed€by€dams€and€water€abstraction.€The€ecologicalÐ `"°& Ðimpacts€of€these€activities€are€poorly€understood€and€are€largely€being€ignored€by€damÐ (#x' Ðoperators.€We€investigated€the€direct€effects€of€a€water€intake€and€low„head€dam€on€theÐ ð#@( Ðmigration€of€amphidromous€freshwater€shrimps€between€the€headwater€streams€andÐ ¸$ ) Ðestuary€of€the€Rio€Espiritu€Santo,€Puerto€Rico,€USA.€Both€downstream€migratory€drift€ofÐ €%Ð * Ðlarvae€and€upstream€migration€of€postlarvae€had€strong€diel€patterns,€with€most€activityÐ H&˜!+ Ðoccurring€at€night.€Unlike€large€dams€on€the€island,€this€low„head€dam€did€not€act€as€aÐ '`", Ðcomplete€barrier€to€the€upstream€migration€of€metamorphosed€postlarvae.€However,€theÐ Ø'(#- Ðdam€did€cause€large€numbers€of€postlarval€shrimps€to€accumulate€directly€downstream€ofÐ  (ð#. Ðthe€structure.€Mortality€of€drifting€first„stage€larvae€by€entrainment€into€the€water€intakeÐ h)¸$/ Ðduring€downstream€migration€averaged€42%€during€the€69„d€study€period.€During€lowÐ 0*€%0 Ðdischarges,€100%€of€the€drifting€larvae€were€entrained€by€the€intake.€The€rate€ofÐ ø*H&1 Ðnocturnal€entrainmentinduced€mortality€averaged€233€larvae/s€and€peaked€at€1167Ð À+'2 Ðlarvae/s.€We€used€our€field€data€and€a€30„yr€discharge€record€to€model€the€long„termÐ ˆ,Ø'3 Ðimpacts€of€different€intake€management€strategies€on€the€entrainment€mortality€at€thisÐ P- (4 Ðdam.€The€simulation€model€estimated€long„term€mean€daily€entrainment€mortality€at€34„Ð ° Ð62%,€depending€on€the€amount€of€water€extracted€from€the€river.€Monthly€differences€inÐ xÈ Ðme