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	<idinfo>
		<citation>
			<citeinfo>
				<origin>REQUIRED: The name of an organization or individual that developed the data set.</origin>
				<pubdate>REQUIRED: The date when the data set is published or otherwise made available for release.</pubdate>
				<title Sync="TRUE">rhwo21c_int_z</title>
				<geoform Sync="TRUE">raster digital data</geoform>
				<onlink Sync="TRUE">\\IGSARFEBWSJJR03\D\wayne_models\website_edit\web_map_updates\rhwo_bcr23\rhwo21c_int_z</onlink>
				<ftname Sync="TRUE">rhwo21c_int_z</ftname></citeinfo>
		</citation>
		<descript>
			<abstract>This raster dataset depicts Red-headed Woodpecker predicted relative abundance within North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) Bird Conservation Region (BCR 23) otherwise known as the Prairie-Hardwood Transition.  The initial 100-meter cell size model was resampled to a 300-meter cell value using the mean of the overlapping 100-meter cells.  This was done to shorten the analysis time.  Next, this 300 meter raster was "smoothed" using ArcGIS' focal statistics tool according to a 21 cell circular window calculating the mean value within this window.   This model was then converted to a 30-meter cell size  to match with the non-habitat (mask) layer.  Non-habitat areas were determined using the National Land Cover Dataset 1992 (NLCD) (classes 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, and 32) were designated non-habitat) and these were merged into this dataset to create the final raster.  Areas in the non-habitat NLCD mask are labeled zero.  The values within the raster's value attribute table (VAT) are modeled predicted relative abundance numbers.

          Original model (non-smoothed) created by:
To model the species-habitat relations, we used all BBS routes within a BCR plus any additional routes within 50 km of the study area. We included these additional routes to minimize the influence of edge effects when predicting abundance at the edges of the region. For example, there were 124 BBS routes in BCR 23, with an additional 80 routes within 50 km of the study area. Each BBS route has 50 evenly spaced survey locations (stops) at which an observer counts all birds seen or heard in a 3-min period. The sum of counts from the 50 stops in a year's route survey was used as an index to abundance along the route for that year. We used counts collected from 1981 to 2001 to coincide temporally with our land cover data, derived from satellite imagery taken in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 

We chose variables relevant to birds based on a review of literature and expert opinion (Regional FWS biologists and migratory bird coordinators). Variables included in our analysis were those that could be measured remotely across the region, including land use composition and configuration, climate, terrain, and human influence. Each variable was assessed at three logarithmically-related scales, 800-, 8,000-, and 80,000-ha. These extents correspond to the mean product of zones within 0.1-, 1-, and 10-km, respectively, of each BBS route. 

To predict bird abundance at locations where surveys were not conducted, these environmental variables were related to BBS counts in a statistical model. This statistical model, described as a hierarchical spatial linear model, accommodates variation in bird counts due to differences among observers, similarity in counts over years and space, and other factors identified as nuisances obscuring the relevant relations between bird abundance and habitat. Coefficients from these linear models were used to combine relevant data layers in a geographic information system (GIS), yielding for each location in the region a predicted abundance. 

We evaluated our models with independent sources of data as much as possible. We withheld from model construction random sets of BBS data and used these data in a model evaluation. For example, in BCR 23 we withheld 64 of the 204 BBS routes occurring within the study area. For each route used in validation, we calculated a mean predicted abundance. Abundance from the validation route was assessed against this mean predicted abundance. Additional sources of independent model assessment included the use of point counts of birds collected at 21 study areas within BCR 23 and data provided by the Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) and Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) Atlas Projects (Rosenberg et al. 2000). The Atlas data only included known cerulean warbler and golden-winged warbler locations and, therefore, did not provide insight into how well the model predicted areas of absence. Model evaluation was most successful when bird survey data, independent from the BBS, was readily available. The Bird Point Count Database is a central repository for bird point count data collected across the United States and data can be selected and downloaded from the web site. 

For more information on methods see:

Thogmartin, W. E., J. R. Sauer, and M. G. Knutson. 2004. A hierarchical spatial model of avian abundance with application to Cerulean Warblers. Ecological Applications 14:1766-1779. (Ecological Archive)

References 

Hamel, P. B. 2000. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). The Birds of North America 511 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

McNab, W. H., and P. E. Avers. 1994. Ecological subregions of the United States. U.S. Forest Service, WO-WSA-5, Washington, DC. 

Rosenberg, K. V., S. B. Barker, and R. W. Rohrbaugh. 2000. An atlas of Cerulean Warbler populations. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. 56 pp.</abstract>
			<purpose>REQUIRED: A summary of the intentions with which the data set was developed.</purpose>
			<langdata Sync="TRUE">en</langdata></descript>
		<timeperd>
			<timeinfo>
				<sngdate>
					<caldate>REQUIRED: The year (and optionally month, or month and day) for which the data set corresponds to the ground.</caldate>
				</sngdate>
			</timeinfo>
			<current>REQUIRED: The basis on which the time period of content information is determined.</current>
		</timeperd>
		<status>
			<progress>REQUIRED: The state of the data set.</progress>
			<update>REQUIRED: The frequency with which changes and additions are made to the data set after the initial data set is completed.</update>
		</status>
		<spdom>
			<bounding>
				<westbc Sync="TRUE">-97.151959</westbc>
				<eastbc Sync="TRUE">-81.084426</eastbc>
				<northbc Sync="TRUE">48.453098</northbc>
				<southbc Sync="TRUE">40.084566</southbc>
			</bounding>
			<lboundng><leftbc Sync="TRUE">-577934.749396</leftbc><rightbc Sync="TRUE">616665.250604</rightbc><bottombc Sync="TRUE">-441198.342421</bottombc><topbc Sync="TRUE">461501.657579</topbc></lboundng></spdom>
		<keywords>
			<theme>
				<themekt>REQUIRED: Reference to a formally registered thesaurus or a similar authoritative source of theme keywords.</themekt>
				<themekey>Red-headed woodpecker</themekey>
				<themekey>abundance</themekey>
				<themekey>predicted</themekey>
				<themekey>relative</themekey>
			</theme>
		</keywords>
		<accconst>REQUIRED: Restrictions and legal prerequisites for accessing the data set.</accconst>
		<useconst>REQUIRED: Restrictions and legal prerequisites for using the data set after access is granted.</useconst>
		<native Sync="TRUE">Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.780</native>
		<natvform Sync="TRUE">Raster Dataset</natvform></idinfo>
	<dataqual>
		<lineage>
			<procstep>
				<procdesc>Dataset copied.</procdesc>
				<srcused>D:\wayne_models\BOBO\bobo_work\bobo21c100_z</srcused>
			</procstep>
			<procstep>
				<procdesc>Metadata imported.</procdesc>
				<srcused>C:\Temp\bobo21c100_z.xml</srcused>
			</procstep>
			<procstep><procdesc Sync="TRUE">Metadata imported.</procdesc><srcused Sync="TRUE">C:\Documents and Settings\jrohweder\My Documents\bbcu21c100_z.xml</srcused><date Sync="TRUE">20061116</date><time Sync="TRUE">12215400</time></procstep><procstep><procdesc Sync="TRUE">Dataset copied.</procdesc><srcused Sync="TRUE">D:\wayne_models\RHWO\rhwo_work\rhwo21c_int_z</srcused><date Sync="TRUE">20061116</date><time Sync="TRUE">12282900</time></procstep></lineage>
	</dataqual>
	<spdoinfo>
		<direct Sync="TRUE">Raster</direct>
		<rastinfo>
			<rasttype Sync="TRUE">Grid Cell</rasttype>
			<rowcount Sync="TRUE">30090</rowcount>
			<colcount Sync="TRUE">39820</colcount>
			<vrtcount Sync="TRUE">1</vrtcount>
			<rastxsz Sync="TRUE">30.000000</rastxsz><rastysz Sync="TRUE">30.000000</rastysz><rastbpp Sync="TRUE">16</rastbpp><rastorig Sync="TRUE">Upper Left</rastorig><rastcmap Sync="TRUE">FALSE</rastcmap><rastcomp Sync="TRUE">Default</rastcomp><rastband Sync="TRUE">1</rastband><rastdtyp Sync="TRUE">matrix values</rastdtyp><rastplyr Sync="TRUE">FALSE</rastplyr><rastifor Sync="TRUE">ESRI GRID</rastifor></rastinfo>
	</spdoinfo>
	<spref>
		<horizsys>
			<planar>
				<planci>
					<plance Sync="TRUE">row and column</plance>
					<coordrep>
						<absres Sync="TRUE">30.000000</absres>
						<ordres Sync="TRUE">30.000000</ordres>
					</coordrep>
					<plandu Sync="TRUE">meters</plandu>
				</planci>
				<mapproj><mapprojn Sync="TRUE">Albers Conical Equal Area</mapprojn><albers><stdparll Sync="TRUE">41.932800</stdparll><stdparll Sync="TRUE">46.669600</stdparll><longcm Sync="TRUE">-89.377000</longcm><latprjo Sync="TRUE">44.301200</latprjo><feast Sync="TRUE">0.000000</feast><fnorth Sync="TRUE">0.000000</fnorth></albers></mapproj></planar>
			<geodetic>
				<horizdn Sync="TRUE">North American Datum of 1983</horizdn>
				<ellips Sync="TRUE">Geodetic Reference System 80</ellips>
				<semiaxis Sync="TRUE">6378137.000000</semiaxis>
				<denflat Sync="TRUE">298.257222</denflat>
			</geodetic>
			<cordsysn><geogcsn Sync="TRUE">GCS_North_American_1983</geogcsn><projcsn Sync="TRUE">NAD_1983_Albers</projcsn></cordsysn></horizsys>
	</spref>
	<eainfo>
		<detailed Name="rhwo21c_int_z">
			<enttyp>
				<enttypl Sync="TRUE">rhwo21c_int_z</enttypl>
				<enttypt Sync="TRUE">Table</enttypt><enttypc Sync="TRUE">395</enttypc></enttyp>
			<attr>
				<attrlabl>ObjectID</attrlabl>
				<attrdef>Internal feature number.</attrdef>
				<attrdefs>ESRI</attrdefs>
				<attrdomv>
					<udom>Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.</udom>
				</attrdomv>
			</attr>
			<attr>
				<attrlabl>Value</attrlabl>
				<attrdef>Smoothed predicted relative abundance values.</attrdef>
			</attr>
			<attr>
				<attrlabl>Count</attrlabl>
			</attr>
		</detailed>
	</eainfo>
	<distinfo>
		<resdesc>Downloadable Data</resdesc>
		<stdorder>
			<digform>
				<digtinfo>
					<transize Sync="TRUE">44.999</transize>
					<dssize Sync="TRUE">44.999</dssize></digtinfo>
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	<metainfo>
		<metd Sync="TRUE">20061116</metd>
		<metc>
			<cntinfo>
				<cntorgp>
					<cntorg>REQUIRED: The organization responsible for the metadata information.</cntorg>
					<cntper>REQUIRED: The person responsible for the metadata information.</cntper>
				</cntorgp>
				<cntaddr>
					<addrtype>REQUIRED: The mailing and/or physical address for the organization or individual.</addrtype>
					<city>REQUIRED: The city of the address.</city>
					<state>REQUIRED: The state or province of the address.</state>
					<postal>REQUIRED: The ZIP or other postal code of the address.</postal>
				</cntaddr>
				<cntvoice>REQUIRED: The telephone number by which individuals can speak to the organization or individual.</cntvoice>
			</cntinfo>
		</metc>
		<metstdn Sync="TRUE">FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata</metstdn>
		<metstdv Sync="TRUE">FGDC-STD-001-1998</metstdv>
		<mettc Sync="TRUE">local time</mettc>
		<metextns>
			<onlink>http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html</onlink>
			<metprof>ESRI Metadata Profile</metprof>
		</metextns>
		<metextns>
			<onlink>http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html</onlink>
			<metprof>ESRI Metadata Profile</metprof>
		</metextns>
		<langmeta Sync="TRUE">en</langmeta><metextns><onlink Sync="TRUE">http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html</onlink><metprof Sync="TRUE">ESRI Metadata Profile</metprof></metextns></metainfo>
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